Vertebral Column

Question 1

Cervical Vetebrae

Answer 1

7

Question 2

Thorcic Vertebrae

Answer 2

12 total each of which articulates with a pair of ribs

Question 3

Lumbar

Answer 3

5 large vertebrae for support of the bodies weight

Question 4

Sacral

Answer 4

5 fused vertebrae for stability in the transfer of weight from the trunk to the lower limbs

Question 5

Coccyx

Answer 5

4 usual two though 4 are fused. The coccyx lacks vertebral arches and has no vertebral canal.

Question 6

Curvature of the vertebral colum

Answer 6

Primary curvature is Kyphosis
Secondary curvature is Lardosis

Therefor:
Cervical Lardosis is considered Secondary
Thoracic Kyphosisis considered Primary
Lumbar Lardosis is considered Secondary
Sacrum Kyphosis is considered Primary

Question 7

Excessive Kyphosis

Answer 7

Hunchback

Question 8

Excessive Lardosis

Answer 8

Hollow back or Sway Back

Question 9

Scoliosis

Answer 9

Abnormal Lateral Curvature

Question 10

Vertebrae Characteristics

Answer 10

Cervical- Contains Transverse Foramina, The spinous process is bifid and points directly posterior. Lastly, it is the region with the greatest range of movement.

Thoracic- The Spinous process is long and sharp and projects inferiorly (down). The transverse processes contain facets for the ribs. Except T11 and T12

Lumbar- Body is massive and kidney shaped. The spinous process is short and begins to project directly posteriorly again. The superior facets are directed posteriormedially and inferior facets are directed anterolaterally.

Question 11

Cervical Rib

Answer 11

Extra rib articualting with C7

Question 12

Lumbar Rib

Answer 12

Extra rib articulating with L1

Question 13

Sacralization

Answer 13

L5 partially incorporated into the sacrum

Question 14

Lumbarization

Answer 14

S1 is partially separated from the rest of the sacrum

Question 15

What are the joints of the Vertebral Bodies

Answer 15

SECONDARY CARTILAGINOUS joints called

Intervertebral disks i.e IV disks

Question 16

What does an IV disk consist of?

Answer 16

1. Annulus fibrosis- outer fibrous part

2. Nucleus pulposus- gelatinous central mass

Question 17

Herniated Disk

Answer 17

Is when the Nucleus Pulposus protudes into or through the Annulus Firbrosis

Question 18

What are the joints of the vertebral arches?

Answer 18

Z joints (Zygapophysial) between the superior and inferior articular process(above and below the spinous process) It is PLANE SYNOVIAL. It allows some gliding and sliding movements.

Question 19

Ligamientum Flavum

Answer 19

Connects adjacent Vertebral Laminae. When doing a

Question 20

Ligamentum Nuchae (nuchal ligament)

Answer 20

Strong triangular ligament at the back of the neck. It is the direct continuation of the the Supraspinous ligament( the ligament that connects the spinous tips.

Question 21

Cuada equina

Answer 21

horse tail

Question 22

Spinal Cord

Answer 22

Extends from the foramen magnum down to L1 or L2

L3 in children

Question 23

Spinal Cord Grey and White Matter

Answer 23

The gray matter is the H-shaped appearance of the spinal cord it is rich in nerve cell bodies.

The white matter is rich in nerve cell processes which form large bundles and tracts.

Question 24

Spinal Cord Enlargements

Answer 24

Enlargements are associated with the origin of spinal nerves that innervate the upper and lower limb

1. Cervical Enlargement (C5-T1)
2. Lumbosacral Enlargment (L1-S3)

Question 25

Artery Supply to the spine

Answer 25

One Anterior and Two Posterior The Posterior spinal arteries are branches of theVertebral Artery Superiorly The anterior and posterior spinal arteries receive blood from the RADICULAR ARTERIES ( The radicular ateries are derivied from spinal branches of arteries in the vicintiy)

Question 26

Venous drainage

Answer 26

Into the Internal Vertebral Plexus which lies in the extradural space i.e epidural space of the vertebral column

Question 27

Spinal Meninges

Answer 27

Extend all they way to S2

Question 28

What space is the CSF housed?

Answer 28

In the subarachnoid space between the pia mater and arachnoid mater.

Question 29

Pia Mater

Answer 29

Filum Terminale | Denticulate Ligament

Question 30

Filum Terminale

Answer 30

Delicate ligament which extends from the codus medullaris

Question 31

Denticulate Ligament

Answer 31

Ligament formed by the pia mater that eventually attatches to the dura mater

Question 32

How many vertebrae do we have?

Answer 32

33

Question 33

How many spinal nerves do we have? How do they emerge?

Answer 33

31 Ahhhh!!! ``` 8 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Sacral 1 Cocyx ``` C1-C7 emerge above there vertebrae but..... becuase of the random C8 which will emerge above T1 leaving no room for T1 to emerge there, the rest will emerge below.

Question 34

Where does a Lumbar puncture take place

Answer 34

Between L3 and L4

Question 35

Spinal nerve connections to the Spinal Cord

Answer 35

Each spinal nerve is connected to the spinal cord by a posterior and anterior ROOT. Distinguishing Root vs Ramus The root will either be motor or sensory depending on where it is originating. If it originates Dorsal side it will be Sensory. If it originates on the Ventral side it will be Motor. These two roots come together to form a mixed root that is both motor and sensory. Then it almost immediately divides to form Rami that are combined motor and sensory. Dorsal Rami are smaller and convey information to and from the skin and intrinsic back skeletal muscles. Ventral Rami are much larger and convey information to and from the skin and skeletal muscles of the neck limbs and trunk.

Question 36

Afferent vs Efferent

Answer 36

Efferent- Exit = Motor = Me