Overview of the Body

Question 1

Flexion

Answer 1

Decreases the angle of the joint. Brings two bones closer. Typical of hinge joints like knee and elbow.

Question 2

Extension

Answer 2

Opposite of flexion increases the angle between two bones.

Question 3

Abduction

Answer 3

movement of the limb away from the midline

Question 4

Adduction

Answer 4

movement of the limb toward the midline

Question 5

Supination

Answer 5

lateral rotation of the forearm causing the palm to face anteriorly

Question 6

Pronation

Answer 6

lateral rotation of the forearm causing the palm to face posterioly

Question 7

Rotation

Answer 7

movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis. Common in ball and socket joints.

Question 8

Inversion

Answer 8

movement of the sole towards the midline( turning the sole of the foot inwards or medially

Question 9

Eversion

Answer 9

movement of the sole away from the midline ( turning the sole of the foot outwards or laterally)

Question 10

Dorsflexion

Answer 10

lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the shin.

Question 11

Planter flexion

Answer 11

depressing the foot (pointing the toes)

Question 12

Circumduction

Answer 12

a combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction. Common in ball and socket joints.

Question 13

Axial Skeleton

Answer 13

bones of the skull, vertebral column (spine), ribs, and sternum, which form the axis or central line of the body

Question 14

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 14

Bones of the limbs, including the pectoral and pelvic gridles, which attach the limbs to the bodies axis.

Question 15

What are Articular Surfaces? Ex.

Answer 15

any surface of a skeletal formation (bone, cartilage) that makes normal direct contact with another skeletal structure as part of a synovial joint.
ex. Facet, Condyle, Epicondyle

Question 16

What is a prominence? What are some examples of sharp bony prominences vs blunt bony prominances

Answer 16

A small projection or protuberance. Ex. sharp is process, protruberance, crest and spine. Ex, of blunt is tubercle, tuberosity, and trochanter.

Question 17

Example of bony Holes

Answer 17

Foramen, Meatus

Question 18

Example of bony depression

Answer 18

Fossa, groove, or fissure

Question 19

Bones that are classified according to their shape.

Answer 19

Long bone: Femur and Humerus
Short bone: Carpal bones
Flat bones: Skull vault
Irregular Bones: veertebrae

Question 20

What are the three types of joints. Give examples. Which one allows movement?

Answer 20

Fibrous: Suture(seen in skull) and Syndesmosis (long fibers between the skull and ulna).

Cartilaginous: Seen surrounding the head of the femur

Synovial: The movable joints reinforced by ligaments and covered by hyaline cartilage. They are then surrounded by a fibrous capsule and the joint and capsule are lined by a synovial membrane.

Question 21

What are the different types of synovial joints?

Answer 21

1. Plane: These are flat surfaced joints which allow the sliding and gliding movement. Plane joints are found at the carpals and tarpals as well as where the clavicle and acromion of scapula meet (slides when we shrug our shoulder)
2. Hinge: Uniaxial. Allows flexion and extension only. An example of this is the Ulnar bone which allows us to only flex or extend our elbow. (similar to the hinge of a door only open or close)
3. Pivot: Uniaxial. When we see pivot we should think ROTATE! Two great examples are at the proximal radial bone which allows pronation and supination(right next to it is the ulnar hinge joint which stops the entire elbow from rotating) and the atlanto-axial joint which allows us to shake our heads no!
4. Condylar: Biaxial. Allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction but does not allow rotation. An example of this is the wrist joint. Here the rotation of the wrist is from the action of the radial bone not the actual wrist joint.
5. Saddle: Biaxial. The joint has a saddle shaped head which allows flexion and extension. abduction and adduction an example is our metacarpals
6. Ball and Socket: Multiaxial. Is our champion joint which permits every motion. This joint cant be found at the hip and shoulder

Question 22

What is one difference between deep and superficial fascia?

Answer 22

Deep fascia is devoid of fat

Question 23

What is aponeurosis?

Answer 23

Aponeurosis is a flattened tendon for a wide area of attachment.

Question 24

What are some Lymphoid Organs?

Answer 24

Lymphoid Organs make up part of the bodies immue system.

1. Thymus
2. Spleen
3. Bone Marrow
4. Lymph Nodes
5. Tonsils

Primary lymphatic organs are where lymphocytes are formed and mature. They provide an environment for stem cells to divide and mature into B- and T- cells: There are two primary lymphatic organs: the red bone marrow and the thymus gland.

Question 25

Which arteries do not carry oxygenated blood?

Answer 25

Pulmonary Artery and Umbilical Artery

Question 26

Varicose veins

Answer 26

Are weak, large and twisted veins that result from the one way valves of veins dysfunctioning

Question 27

Lymph/ Lymphoid tissue

Answer 27

Watery fluid that resembles plasma and contains lymphocytes.

Lymphoid tissue contains both lymphocytes and marcrophages

Question 28

Lymphocytes

Answer 28

White blood cells present in the lymph fluid that are responsible for initiating an immune response either by releasing antibodies or by signaling other cells to do so. Basically and immune response cell.

Question 29

Lymphatic Drainage

Answer 29

After the lymph nodes test out the sample of plasma they decide whether or not to lymphocytes need to be made and then they return CLEAN fluid back to the circulatory system via the left and right subclavian veins

Thoracic Duct
Majority of the lymph drains in the thoracic duct. The thoracic duct then drains at the junction of the left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein

Right Lymphatic Duct
drains the right upper quadrant of the body at the junction of the right internal jugular vein and the right subclavian vein.