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Anatomy Exam 1 > Pharynx and Larynx > Flashcards

Pharynx and Larynx Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the pharynx from the inside out?

A
  1. Mucous membrane
  2. submucosa
  3. Pharyngo-basilar fascia (attached to the based of the skull and fills gaps in the walls of the paharynx.
  4. Muscles (External and then Internal)
  5. Buccopharyngeal fascia
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2
Q

Name the External muscles of the pharynx.

A
  1. Superior Constrictor
  2. Middle Constrictor
  3. Inferior Constrictor
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3
Q

Name the Internal muscles of the pharynx.

A
  1. Stylopharyngeus
  2. Palatopharyngeus
  3. Salpingopharyngeus
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4
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the Stylopharyngeus muscle?

A

Origin: Medial side of styloid process

Insertion: Upper border of the thyroid cartilage (passing between the superior and middle constrictor

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5
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the Palatopharyngeus muscle?

A

Origin: Hard palate

Insertion: Posterior border of the thyroid cartilage

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6
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the Salpingopharyngeus?

A

Origin: cartilage of the auditory tube

Insertion: blends with the palatopharyngeus

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7
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the Superior Constrictor muscle?

A

Origin: Posterior medial pterygoid plate and pterygomandibular raphe.

Insertion: Pharyngeal raphe

Note: after insertion leaves a free upper edge which is closed by the pharyngobasilar fascia

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8
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the Middle constrictor muscle?

A

Origin: Greater and lesser horns of the hyoid bone and lower part of the stylohyoid ligament.

Insertion: Pharyngeal raphe

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9
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the Inferior constrictor muscle?

A

Origin: Oblique line of thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage

Insertion: Thyroid cartilage fibers overlap middle constrictor and insert on pharyngeal raphe.

Cricoid cartilage fibers run transversely and blend with esophageal muscles.

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10
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

It guards the voicebox

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11
Q

Which ring is the only complete ring in the respiratory system?

A

Cricoid bone

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12
Q

Torus tubarius

A

Bump of cartilage that helps keep the eustachian tube open

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13
Q

What is the function of the superior, middle, and inferior concha?

A

Stir up and humidify air

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14
Q

Which vocal cord is the true vocal cord?

A

Vocal Fold

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15
Q

Which vocal cord is the fake vocal cord?

A

Vestibular Fold

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16
Q

In regard to vocal cord anatomy, what is the ventricle considered?

A

The pit

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17
Q

All muscles to the pharynx are supplied by what cranial nerve?

Which muscles are an exception?

A

Cranial nerve X

Exception: Stylopharyngeous (CN IX)
Exception: Tensor Veli Palatini (CN V)

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18
Q

What nerve innervates the Stylopharyngeous muscle?

A

(CN IX)

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19
Q

What nerve innervates the Tensor Veli Palatini muscle?

A

(CN V)

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20
Q

What nerve innervates the Levator Veli Palatini.

A

CN X

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21
Q

What is the function of the Levator Veli Palatini muscle?

A

It lifts the soft palate up when swallowing and also helps you breath.

Note: A person with sleep apnea could have a less effective Levator Veli Palatini muscle.

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22
Q

What is the most important artery supplying the Pharynx? What is it a branch of?

A

Ascending Pharyngeal. It is a branch of the external carotid artery.

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23
Q

List the blood supply to the pharynx as well as the artery that it is derived from?

A
  1. Ascending pharyngeal artery (External Carotid Artery)
  2. Ascending palatine artery (Facial Artery)
  3. Descending Palatine artery (Maxillary artery)
  4. Pharyngeal branch of maxillary artery
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24
Q

Retropharyngeal space?

What is a clinical relationship?

A

Retropharyngeal space is a potential space between the prevertebral fascia and the buccopharyngeal fascia.

C.R. If a chicken bone pierces the pharynx it can lead to an infection. That infection can travel down the retrophartngeal space and make its way to the heart.

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25
Q

What are choanae?

A

Holes leading into the nasopharynx

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26
Q

What are the two buccal nerves? What are they branches of? Is the innervation sensory or motor?

A

Branch of 5= sensory

Branch of 7= motor

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27
Q

What is Raphe?

A

The white strip that travels along the back of the constrictor muscles.

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28
Q

What is the piriform recess?

A

An area in the laryngopharynx ( back of the voicebox) where food can get stuck.

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29
Q

Where is the torus tubarius located?

A

In the nasopharynx area

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30
Q

The Buccinator is connected to the upper constrictor muscle via?…

A

A Raphe

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31
Q

What is the function of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?

A

Elevate the hyoid bone and depress the manible

32
Q

What is the function of the styloid muscle?

A

Retraction and elevation of the hyoid bone. Assist in lowering the jaw

33
Q

What is the function of the stylopharyngeus muscle? CN innervation?

A

Retraction and elevation of the tongue

CN IX

34
Q

What is the function of the salpingopharyngeus muscle? CN innervation?

A

elevates pharynx and larynx and aids in swallowing. Opens auditory canal during swallowing (important for equalizing pressure)

CN X

35
Q

What is the function of the palatopharyngeus muscle? CN innervation?

A

Elevates pharynx and larynx. Closes nasopharyngeal isthmus in swallowing.
CN X

36
Q 
Which muscle blends with the tongue? 
Origin:
Insertion:
Innervation:
Action:
A 
The hyoglossus.
Origin: Hyoid bone
Insertion: Lateral side of tongue
Action: Depression of the tongue
Innervation hypoglossal nerve
37
Q

All glossal muscles are innervated by what cranial nerve? What is the exception?

A

By the hypoglossal nerve.

Exception: Palatoglossus innervated by X

38
Q

Does the hypoglossal nerve provide motor or sensory innervation to the glossal muscles?

A

NO sensory only MOTOR.

39
Q

Where is one place that the CN XII can be found? What about the lingual artery?

A

CN XII will be on top of the hyoglossus while the lingual artery will be deep to the hyoglossus.

40
Q

What nerve and artery penetrate the thyrohyoid membrane?

A

Superior Laryngeal Artery

Internal Laryngeal Nerve

41
Q

What nerve and artery enter the larynx?

A

The Inferior laryngeal artery

Recurrent laryngeal nerve.

42
Q

Where does the superior laryngeal artery come from?

A

It is branch of the superior thyroid artery which is a branch of the external carotid.

43
Q

Where does the inferior laryngeal artery come from?

A

It is a branch of the inferior thyroid artery which is a branch for the Thyrocervical trunk.

44
Q

Is there a jugular vein inside of the skull?

A

There is no jugular vein inside of the skull. However, the sigmoid sinus becomes the jugular vein when it hits the jugular foramen.

45
Q

What is the process for the breakdown of the Vagus nerve?

A

The vagus nerve divides to become the Superior laryngeal nerve and the Inferior laryngeal nerve.

The Superior laryngeal nerve then divides into the:

  1. Internal branch: pierces the thyrohyoid membrane and provides sensory stimulation only.
  2. External branch: pierces the cricothyroid muscle.
46
Q

What nerve innervates the posterior belly of digastric and the stylohyoid muscle?

A

facial nerve CN VII

47
Q

What nerve innervates the constrictor muscles?

48
Q

What nerve innervates the palatoglossus?

49
Q

What nerve provides sensory innervation above the vocal cords?

Which nerve provides innervation below the vocal cords and does all other muscles?

A
  1. Internal laryngeal

2. The Recurrent laryngeal

50
Q

What are the three nasal cavities?

A
  1. Nasal Vestibule
  2. Respiratory Region
  3. Olfactory Region
51
Q

What are some significant features of the ethmoid bone?

A

Superior Conchae
Middle Conchae
Cribiform Plate

52
Q

What are some significant features of the sphenoid bone?

A

Greater Palatine Foramen

Pterygoid Process

53
Q

List the opening in and out of the nasal cavity.

A
  1. Orbit : nasal lacrimal duct
  2. Nasopharynx : Chonae (whole where air flows in)
  3. Paranasal Sinuses: Meatal openings
  4. Anterior cranial Fossa: Cribiform Plate and Foramen Cecum
  5. Pterygopalatine Fossa: Sphenopalatine Fossa
  6. Oral Cavity: Incisive Canal
54
Q

What are the Paranasal sinuses (Meatal Openings)? Where are they located?

Which two lie within the nasal cavity? Which two do not?

A
  1. Maxillary Sinus- beneath the orbit almost the size of the orbit
  2. Ethmoidal sinus- aneterior, middle, and posterior air cells.
  3. Frontal Sinus - within frontal bone
  4. Sphenoidal Sinus - Within the sphenoid bone. Directly below it is the hypophyseal fossa.

The ethmoidal and the maxillary sinuses lie within the nasal cavity

55
Q

Which structures drain into the hiatus semilunaris (within the middle meatus)?

A
  1. Frontal Sinus
  2. Anterior ethmoidal air cells
  3. Maxillary sinus
56
Q

Which structures drain into the inferior meatus?

A
  1. The nasallacrimal duct
57
Q

What is the ethmoidal bulla? Which structures drain into the ethmoidal bulla?

A
  1. It is a bulge in the middle meatus that helps for the roof.
  2. Middle ethmoidal air cells
58
Q

Describe the features of the middle meatus.

A

It is located beneath the middle concha. It contains a fissure called the hiatus semiluaris which runs from anterior to posterior. The ethmoidal bulla is a buldge in the meatus which helps form the roof.

59
Q

Where is the superior meatus located? What drains there?

A

beneath the superior concha. Posterior ethmoidal cells drain in this location

60
Q

Where is the sphenoethmoidal recess located? What drains there?

A

above the superior concha. The sphenoidal sinus drains in this location

61
Q

What are the three major artiers that help supply the nasal cavity?

A
  1. Opthalmic
  2. Maxillary
  3. Facial

The blood supply can be divided into Lateral Wall and Nasal septum

62
Q

What blood supply does the lateral wall of the nasal cavity contain?

A
  1. Opthalmic branch: Anterior and Posterior Ethmoidal Arteries
  2. Facial branch : Lateral Nasal Branches
  3. Maxillary branch : Sphenopalatine Artery
63
Q

What blood supply does the medial (septal) wall of the nasal cavity contain?

A
  1. Opthalmic branch: Anterior and Posterior Ethmoidal Arteries
  2. Facial branch : Superior Labial
  3. Maxillary branch : Sphenopalatine Artery
64
Q

What nerve and artery travel through the incisive canal?

A

Sphenopaltine artery and Nasopalatine nerve

65
Q

What is the Kiesselbach’s area?

A

Area where anastomoses between the anterior ethmoidal, sphenopalatine and superior labial branches on the ANTERIOR SEPTUM.

C.R Is a common place for epistaxis due to trauma, infection, dry air, and hypertension.

66
Q

What nerve supply does the lateral wall of the nasal cavity contain?

A
  1. Opthalmic nerve: Anterior ethmoidal nerve
  2. Branches from the pterygopalatine ganglion.
    Sensory: V2
    Parasympathetic: CN 7 (originating from the greater petrosal nerve.
  3. Olfactory nerve
  4. Nerve of the pterygoid canal (comes from the greater petrosal nerve and the deep petrosal nerve)
67
Q

Which two nerves make up the nerve of the pterygoid canal?

A

Deep petrosal nerve and greater petrosal nerve

Deep petrosal nerve is sympathetic from the coratid plexus

Greater petrosal nerve is parasympathetic from cranial nerve VII

68
Q

What nerve supply does the medial wall of the nasal cavity contain?

A
  1. Anterior ethmoidal
  2. Olfactory
  3. Nasopalatine
69
Q

Where is the Pterygopalatine Fossa located? What is the priniciple resident of the PPF?

A

Between the pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone and the perpindicular plate of the palatine bone.

Pterygopalatine Ganglion

70
Q

What are the canals of the PPF.

Note: Besides the Foramen Rotundum and the Pterygomaxiallry fissure and the inferior Orbital Fissure these are all after the synapse at the Pterygopalatine Ganglion.

A
  1. Foramen Rotundum (roof)
  2. Palatine Canal (floor)
  3. Pterygoid Canal ( posterior)
  4. Inferior Orbital Fissure (anterior)
  5. Pterygomaxillary Fissure (lateral)
  6. Sphenopalatine Foramen (medial)
71
Q

What structure passes through the Foramen Rotundum?

A

Maxillary Nerve (V2)

72
Q

What structure passes through the Palatine Canal?

A
  1. Greater Palatine Nerve and Artery

2. Lesser Palatine Nerve and Artery

73
Q

What structure passes through the Pterygoid Canal?

A
  1. Nerve and Artery of the Pterygoid Canal
74
Q

What structure passes through the Sphenopalatine Foramen?

A
  1. Nasopalatine Nerve
  2. lateral Nasal branches of V2 nerve
  3. Sphenopalatine Artery
75
Q

What structure passes through the Pterygomaxillary Fissure?

A
  1. Maxillary artery

2. Posterior Superior alveolar Nerve and artery

76
Q

What structure passes through the Inferior Orbital Fissure?

A
  1. Infraorbital nerve and artery
77
Q

What specific branch of cranial nerve VII contains parasympathetic fibers to the lacrimal gland?

A

Greater petrosal nerve

Anatomy Exam 1 (25 decks)

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