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RADIOGRAPHIC POSITIONING 1 > VERTEBRAL COLUMN > Flashcards

VERTEBRAL COLUMN Flashcards

1
Q

What projection demonstrates a frontal image of the atlas and axis through the _______

A

AP Projection - Open Mouth

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2
Q

The mouth must be opened to visualize the atlas and axis and prevent superimposition by the ______

A

Mandible

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2
Q

SID often used for open-mouth method to increase the field of view of the odontoid area

A

30 inches (76 cm)

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2
Q

The open-mouth technique was described by (2):

A
  1. Albers - Schonberg (1910)
  2. George - 1919
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3
Q

What projection shows the dens and atlas as seen through the foramen magnum ?

A

PA Projection - Judd Method

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4
Q

The Orbitomeatal Line (OML) is approximately ______ degrees to the plane of the IR for Judd Method.

A

37 Degrees

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5
Q

Contraindications for Judd Method include (3):

A
  1. Suspected Fracture of the Upper Cervical Region
  2. Unhealed Fracture
  3. Degenerative Disease
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6
Q

What projection and method shows the dens when its upper half is not clearly shown in the open-mouth position ?

A

AP Projection - Fuchs Method

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7
Q

Smith and Abel added towards Fuchs Method by having the central ray angulated by ______ and centered to _____ to demonstrate the laminae and articular facets of the cervical vertebrae

A
  1. 35 Degrees Caudad
  2. C3
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8
Q

What projection shows better definition of the Atlas and Axis because of shorter OID ?

A

Lateral Projection - R or L Position

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9
Q

RP for Atlas and Axis Lateral

A

1 inch Distal to the Adjacent Mastoid Tip

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10
Q

What projection shows the lower five cervical bodies, along with the upper two/three thoracic bodies, interpediculate spaces, superimposed transverse/articular processes, and intervertebral disk spaces ?

A

AP Axial Projection

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11
Q

CR and RP for Cervical Vertebrae AP Axial Projection

A

CR: 15 - 20 Degrees Cephalad

RP: C4 (Entering at or slightly inferior to the most prominent point of the thyroid cartilage)

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12
Q

What projection and method demonstrates a lateral projection of the cervical bodies ?

A

Lateral Projection - Grandy Method - R or L Position

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13
Q

SID for Grandy Method

A

60 - 72 inches (152 - 183 cm)

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14
Q

The top of the IR for Grandy Method will be about _____inch above the _____

A
  1. 1 Inch
  2. External Acoustic Meatus (EAM)
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15
Q

To demonstrate normal anteroposterior movement or an absence of movement due to trauma or disease, the spinous processes may be placed in _______ and _______

A
  1. Hyperflexion
  2. Hyperextension
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16
Q

What projection asks the patient to elevate the chin as much as possible for the second exposure ?

A

Lateral Projection - Hyperextension - R or L Position

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16
Q

What projection of the cervical vertebrae asks the patient to drop the head forward and draw the chin as close as possible to the chest ?

A

Lateral Projection - Hyperflexion - R or L Position

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17
Q

Due to hyperflexion and hyperextension, the _____ and ______ are also shown

A
  1. Intervertebral Disks
  2. Zygapophyseal Joints
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18
Q

Oblique projections for demonstrating the cervical intervertebral foramina were first described by ______ and _____

A
  1. Barsony
  2. Koppenstein
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19
Q

SID for AP Axial Oblique Projection of the Cervical Intervertebral Foramina

A

60 - 72 inches

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20
Q

In AP Axial Oblique Projection of the Cervical Intervertebral Foramina, the IR must be centered to the _____ to compensate for the cephalic angulation of the CR

A

Third Cervical Body

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21
Q

Which projection shows the intervertebral foramina and pedicles farthest from the IR ?

A

AP Axial Oblique Projection

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22
Q

Which projection shows the intervertebral foramina and pedicles closest from the IR ?

A

PA Axial Oblique Projection

23
Q

What projection and method blurs or obliterates the mandibular shadow by having the patient perform an even chewing motion without the teeth touching each other ?

A

AP Projection - Ottonello Method

24
Q

Ottonello Method is also called as _____

A

Wagging Jaw Technique

25
Q

The Ottonello Method helps in seeing the ______

A

Entire CervicalColumn (C1-C7)

26
Q

Which projection and method demonstrates a lateral image of the lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae between the two shoulders ?

A

Lateral Projection - Twining Method - R or L Position

27
Q

Fill up the following CR conditions for Twining Method:

Well-depressed Shoulder =

Not Well-depressed Shoulder =

A

Well-depressed Shoulder = Perpendicular

Not Well-depressed Shoulder = 5 Degrees Caudad

28
Q

Which projection and method is most often performed with either a lateral cervical or lateral thoracic projection when the shoulder superimpose the vertebrae in the area of interest ?

A

Lateral Projection - Pawlow Method - R or L Position

29
Q

Original CR and RP for Pawlow Method:

A

CR = 3-5 Degrees Caudad
RP = Inter-disk of C7 and T1

30
Q

Modified CR for Pawlow Method:

A

CR = 5 - 15 Degrees Cephalad

31
Q

IR size for AP Projection of Thoracic Vertebrae

A

14 x 17 Inches (35 x 43 cm)

32
Q

RP for AP Thoracic Vertebrae

A

Approximately Halfway Between the Jugular Notch and Xyphoid Process

33
Q

For the AP Projection of the Lumbar - Lumbosacral Vertebrae, the following must be cleared from the intestinal tract to prevent anatomic superimposition:

A
  1. Gas
  2. Fecal Material
34
Q

Which projection places the intervertebral disk spaces at an angle closely paralleling the divergence of the beam of radiation ?

A

PA Projection (Optional)

35
Q

SID for Lumbar - Lumbosacral Vertebrae AP / PA

A

48 Inches (122 cm)

36
Q

Lordotic curves may be reduced by having the patient _____ the _____ and _____ enough to place the back in firm contact with the table

A
  1. Flex
  2. Hips
  3. Knees
37
Q

RP for AP / PA Lumbar - Lumbosacral Vertebrae

A

Lumbar = 1 and 1/2 inches above Iliac Crests

Lumbosacral = At the level of the Iliac Crests

38
Q

RP for Lateral Projection for L5 - S1 Lumbosacral Junction

A

Coronal Plane 2 inches posterior to the ASIS and 1 1/2 inches inferior to the iliac crest

39
Q

The lumbar vertebrae manifests an appearance of ________

A

Scottie Dogs

40
Q

Forms the central axis of the skeleton and is centered on the MSP of the posterior part of the trunk.

A

Vertebral Column

41
Q

Enumerate the functions of the Vertebral Column (4):

A
  1. It encloses and protects the spinal cord.
  2. It acts as a support for the trunk.
  3. It supports the skull superiorly
  4. It provides for attachment for the deep muscles of the back and the ribs laterally.
42
Q

Refers to the cervical and lumbar curves convexed anteriorly

A

Lordotic Curves

43
Q

Enumerate the five groups of the vertebral column with quantity of bones:

A
  1. Cervical Vertebrae - 7
  2. Thoracic Vertebrae - 12
  3. Lumbar Vertebrae - 5
  4. Sacral Vertebrae - 5
  5. Coccygeal Vertebrae - 3-5
44
Q

Thoracic and pelvic curves are concaved anteriorly

A

Kyphotic Curves

45
Q

Abnormal increase in the anterior concavity of the thoracic curve

A

Kyphosis

46
Q

Abnormal increase in the anterior convexity of the lumbar or cervical curve

A

Lordosis

46
Q

Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

A

Scoliosis

47
Q

Enumerate the four (4) vertebral articulations:

A
  1. Intervertebral Joints
  2. Zygapophyseal Joints
  3. Atlanto-occipital Joints
  4. Atlantoaxial Joints
48
Q

Vert art. between the two vertebral bodies that are cartilaginous symphysis joints slightly movable

A

Intervertebral Joints

49
Q

Vert art. between articulation processes of the vertebral arches which are synovial gliding joints that are also freely movable

A

Zygapophyseal Joints

50
Q

Vert at. between the atlas and occipital bone. Synovial ellipsoidal joints.

A

Atlanto-occipital Joints

50
Q

The atlas and axis are considered as _____ for they are structurally modified to join the skull.

A

Atypical

50
Q

A process within the Axis that is received into the anterior portion of the atlantal ring to act as the pivot or body for the atlas.

A

Dens / Odontoid Process

50
Q

Anterior arch of the atlas that rotate around the dens of the axis which are synovial gliding and synovial.

A

Atlantoaxial Joint

50
Q

C7 is also called _____

A

Vertebra Prominens

51
Q

Vertebrae that increase in size and vary in form.

A

Thoracic Vertebrae

52
Q

These have large, bean-shaped bodies that increase in size from the first - fifth.

A

Lumbar Vertebrae

RADIOGRAPHIC POSITIONING 1 (5 decks)

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