UPPER LIMB Flashcards
RP for First Digit projections
First Metacarpophalangeal Joint
This projection shows interarticulations of the hand, distal radius, ulna, and a PA oblique projection of the first digit
Hand PA Projection
RP for PA Oblique Projection (Lateral Rotation)
Third MCP Joint
What is the hand projection for investigating fractures and pathologic conditions ?
PA Oblique Projection - Lateral Rotation
Which hand projection eliminates superimposition of all but the proximal phalanges ?
Lateral Projection - Mediolateral or Lateromedial Extension or Fan Lateral
Hand projection used to visualize anterior or posterior displacement in fractures of the metacarpals
Lateral Projection (Lateromedial in Flexion)
It superimposes the metacarpals but demonstrates all individual phalanges ?
Fan Lateral
What method assists in detecting early radiologic changes needed to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis ?
Norgaard Method
kVp for necessary contrast in Norgaard Method ?
60 - 65
RP for Norgaard Method
Midway Between Both Hands at the Level of the MCP Joints
This projection demonstrates carpal interspaces better wherein they are more closely parallel with the divergence of the x-ray beam
Wrist - AP Projection
This gives a slightly oblique rotation to the ulna
Wrist - PA Projection
During Lateral Projection in Lateromedial Rotation for the Wrist, have the patient __________ to rotate the ulna to the lateral position
Flex the Elbow 90 Degrees
It demonstrates the carpals on the lateral side of the wrist
PA Oblique Projection - Lateral Rotation
Which two carpal bones are demonstrated in PA Oblique Projection - Lateral Rotation of the wrist ?
- Trapezium
- Scaphoid
This projection separates the pisiform from the adjacent carpal bones.
AP Oblique Projection - Medial Rotation
What other two bones are shown in AP Oblique Projection - Medial Rotation of the wrist
- Triquetrum
- Hamate
A projection intended to correct foreshortening of the scaphoid and opens the spaces between adjacent carpals.
PA Projection - Ulnar Deviation
Aside from perpendicular, Ulnar Deviation CR may also be angulated by _______ for clear delineation
10 - 15 Degrees
What projection opens the interspaces between the carpals on the medial side of the wrist ?
PA Projection - Radial Deviation
What projection and method places the scaphoid at right angles to the CR so that it is projected without self-superimposition ?
PA Axial Projection - Stecher Method
Angulation for Stecher Method for both the IR and the tube when IR angulation is not possible ?
20 Degrees
This is performed after routine wrist radiographs do not identify a fracture through four-image multiple-angle central ray series
Scaphoid Series - PA and PA Axial Projections (Rafert-Long Method - Ulnar Deviation)
Angulations for Scaphoid Series
- 0 Degrees (Perpendicular0
- 10 Degrees
- 20 Degrees
- 30 Degrees
What projection and method is used to evaluate and identify fractures of the hook, hamate, pisiform, and trapezium ?
Tangential Projection - Gaynor-Hart Method
CR and RP for Gaynor-Hart Method
CR = 25 - 30 Degrees to the Long Axis of the Hand
RP = 1 inch Distal to the base of the Third Metacarpal
Which projection demonstrates the elbow joint, radius, ulna, and the proximal row of slightly distorted carpal bones ?
Forearm - AP Projection
What projection demonstrates the bones of the forearm, elbow joint, and proximal row of carpal bones ?
Lateral Projection - Lateromedial Rotation
The elbow must be _______ at ______ during Lateral Projections of the Upper Limb ?
- Flexed
- 90 Degrees
What projection demonstrates the entire circumference of the radial head free of superimposition ?
Lateral Projection - Lateromedial Rotation - Four-position Series
Enumerate the positions required for exposure in Radial Four-position series IN ORDER:
- Hand is supinated
- Hand is in Lateral Position with Thumb Surface Up
- Hand is Pronated
- Hand is in Extreme Internal Rotation
What projection indicates the entire length of the humerus ?
AP Projection - Upright
What projection demonstrates the entire length if the humerus confirmed by superimposed epicondyles
Lateral Projection - Lateromedial Rotation - Upright
The metacarpal heads, combined, are collectively known as the ________
Knuckles
Synonym of Trapezium and Trapezoid
Trapezium = Greater Multangular
Trapezoid = Lesser Multangular
Synonyms of Hamate and Capitate
Capitate = Os Magnum
Hamate = Unciform
Two bones of the forearm
- Ulna
- Radius
Total number of bones in the hand (With Breakdown)
14 Phalanges + 5 Metacarpal Bones + 8 Carpal Bones
= 27 BONES OF THE HAND
Which bones encompass the Proximal Row of Carpal Bones ?
- Scaphoid / Navicular
- Lunate / Semilunar
- Triquetrum / Triquetral
- Pisiform
Which bones encompass the Distal Row of Carpal Bones ?
- Trapezium - Greater Multangular
- Trapezoid - Lesser Multangular
- Capitate - Os Magnum
- Hamate - Unciform
