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Gross Anatomy 2 > Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

A
  • Muscle attachment
  • Mobility
  • Protection of spinal cord
  • Weight transfer
  • Haematopoiesis
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2
Q

What are the regions of the vertebral column and how many vertebrae are found in each?

A
  • 7 Cervical
  • 12 Thoracic
  • 5 Lumbar
  • 5 Sacrum (fused)
  • 4 Coccyx (fused)
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3
Q

What are primary and secondary curvatures?

A
  • Primary curvatures are similar to what is seen in the foetal position when the embryo has one kyphotic curvature
  • Secondary curvatures occur as the back extends out from the foetal position
  • Primary curvatures are retained in the thoracic and sacral region and secondary curves form in the cervical and lumbar
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4
Q

What are the curvatures of the vertebral column?

A
  • Cervical - Lordosis
  • Thoracic - Kyphosis
  • Lumbar - Lordosis
  • Sacral - Kyphosis
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5
Q

What is highlighted?

A

Spinous process

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6
Q

What is highlighted?

A

Transverse processes

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7
Q

What is highlighted?

A

Superior articular process

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8
Q

What is highlighted?

A

Inferior articular process

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9
Q

What is highlighted?

A

The lamina

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10
Q

What is highlighted?

A

Pedicles

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11
Q

What vertebrae is shown?

A

C1 - Atlas

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12
Q

What makes the shape of C1 unique?

A

It has no body or spinous process

Made up of anterior and posterior arches, each with a tubercle

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13
Q

What do the superior articular surfaces of C1 articulate with?

A

The occipital condyles

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14
Q

What vertebrae is shown?

A

C2 - Axis

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15
Q

What is highlighted?

A

The dens/odontoid process of C2

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16
Q

Describe the cervical vertebrae C3-C7

A

Body - Uncinate process
Transverse Process - Has transverse foramen and also anterior and posterior tubercles for the spinal nerve to pass in between
Spinous process - Bifid

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17
Q

What vertebral level is the shown vertebrae from and what passes through the highlighted structure?

A

Cervical vertebrae from C3-C7

Vertebral artery passes through the transverse foramen to the skull

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18
Q

From which vertebral region is this vertebrae?

A

Thoracic

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19
Q

Describe the features of the thoracic vertebrae?

A
  • Costal facets for articulation of ribs
  • Nearly vertical articular facets which are directed posteriorly and anteriorly
  • Long, sloping spinous process
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20
Q

From what vertebral region is this vertebrae from?

A

Lumbar

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21
Q

Describe the features of the lumbar vertebrae?

A
  • Large kidney bean shaped body
  • Accessory process on each transverse process
  • Mamillary process on each superior articular process
  • Articular facets are directed posteromedially and anterolaterally
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22
Q

What is shown and from what view?

A

Sacrum from posterior aspect

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23
Q

What is highlighted and what forms this structure?

A

The median crest of the sacrum

Formed by spinous processes

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24
Q

What is highlighted and what forms it?

A

Lateral sacral crest

Transverse processes

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25
Q

What is highlighted and what forms it?

A

Intermediate sacral crest

Articular processes

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26
Q

What is highlighted?

A

Coccygeal cornu

rudimentary articular processes

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27
Q

What are the joints of the vertebral column?

A

Between vertebral bodies- Intervertebral discs (secondary cartilaginous)

Between articular processes - Facet/Zygopophysial joint (plane)

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28
Q

What structure of the intervertebral disc is highlighted?

A

Nucleus Pulposus

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29
Q

What structure of the intervertebral disc is highlighted?

A

Annulus Fibrosis

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30
Q

What are the 2 broad categories of extrinsic muscles of the back?

A

Superficial extrinsic muscles - connect to appendicular skeleton

Intermediate extrinsic muscles - superficial respiratory muscles

31
Q

What muscle is shown and what is its innervation?

A 
Trapezius
Spinal Accessory (CN XI)
32
Q

What are the attachments of the trapezious?

A

Medial 1/3 of superior nuchal line, nuchal ligament, spinous process of C7-T12

To the Lateral clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula

33
Q

What is this muscle and its innervation?

A 
Latissimus Dorsi 
Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-8)
34
Q

What are the attachments of the Latissimus Dorsi?

A

Spinous processes T7-12, Thoracolumbar fascia, Iliac crest and lower 3/4 ribs

To edge of the bicepital groove of humerus

35
Q

What are the attachments of Rhomboid major?

A

Spinous processes T2-5

To medial border of scapula (spine - inferior angle)

36
Q

What are the attachments of Rhomboid major?

A

Spinous processes T2-5

To medial border of scapula (spine - inferior angle)

37
Q

What are the attachments of Rhomboid minor?

A

Nuchal ligament, Spinous processes C7, T1

To medial end of the spine of scapula

38
Q

What muscles are shown and what is their innervation?

A

Rhomboids major and minor

Dorsal scapular nerve (C4,5)

39
Q

What muscle is highlighted and what is its innervation?

A

Levator scapulae

Cervical nerves C3,4 and dorsal scapular nerve (C4,5)

40
Q

What is the attachments of the levator scapulae?

A

Posterior tubercles of transverse processes C1-4

To medial border of scapula above the spine

41
Q

What is highlighted and what is its innervation?

A

Serratus Posterior Superior

Intercostal nerves 2-5

42
Q

What muscle is highlighted and what is its innervation?

A

Serratus posterior inferior

Anterior Rami T9-12

43
Q

What are the attachments of serratus posterior superior?

A

Nuchal ligament, spinous processes C7-T3

To superior borders of ribs 2-4

44
Q

What are the attachments of serratus posterior inferior?

A

Spinous processes T11-L2

To inferior borders of ribs 8-12 near angle

45
Q

What are the roles of the intrinsic muscles of the back and their innervation?

A

The deep muscles

  • Maintain posture and control movements of the vertebral column
  • Posterior rami of spinal nerves
46
Q

What are the layers of the intrinsic muscles of the back?

A

Superficial - Splenius muscles
Intermediate - Erector Spinae group
Deep - many small muscles

47
Q

What muscle is shown?

A

Splenius capitis

48
Q

What muscle is shown?

A

Splenius Cervicis

49
Q

What are the attachments of splenius cervicis and capitis

A

Nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T3/4

  • Capitus fibres to mastoid process and lateral 1/3 superior to nuchal line
  • Cervicis fibres to tubercles of transverse processes C1 - C3/4
50
Q

Name the erector spinae muscles from lateral to medial

A

Iliocostalis
Longismus
Spinalis

51
Q

What is the common proximal attachment of the erector spinae muscles?

A

Posterior iliac crest
Posterior sacrum and sacroiliac joints
Spinous process of sacral and lower lumbar vertebrae
Supraspinous ligament

52
Q

What muscle is highlighted?

A

Iliocostalis

53
Q

What are the 3 parts of the iliocostalis?

A

Lumborum
Thoracic
Cervicis

54
Q

Where does the iliocostalis attach?

A

Angles of the lower ribs

Cervical transverse processes

55
Q

What muscle is shown?

A

Longismis

56
Q

What are the parts of the longismis muscle?

A

Thoracic, cervicis and capitis

57
Q

What are the attachments of the longismis?

A

Ribs between the tubercles and angles
Thoracic and cervical transverse processes
Mastoid process

58
Q

What muscle is shown?

A

Spinalis

59
Q

What are the parts of the spinalis muscle?

A

Thoracic, cervicis and capitis parts

60
Q

What are the attachments of the spinalis?

A

Upper thoracic spinous processes

Cranium

61
Q

What are some of the deep intrinisc muscles of the back?

A
  • Semispinalis
  • Multifidus
  • Rotatores
  • Levator Costarum
  • Interspinale
  • Intertransversari
62
Q

What muscle is highlighted?

A

Semispinalis

63
Q

What are the parts of the semispinalis muscle?

A

Thoracic, cervicis and capitis parts

64
Q

What are the attachments of the semispinalis muscle?

A

Transverse processes of C4-T12

  • Occipital bone
  • Thoracic and cervical spinous processes
65
Q

What muscle is shown?

A

Multifundus

66
Q

In what region is the multifundus at its thickest?

A

Lumbar

67
Q

Describe the fibres of the multifundus?

A

Pass superomedially to the spinous processes 2-4 vertebrae above

68
Q

What muscles are highlighted?

A

Rotatores

69
Q

In what region are the rotatores best developed?

A

Thoracic region

70
Q

Describe the fibres of the rotatores

A

Pass superomedially to junction of the lamina and transverse process 1 or 2 vertebrae above

71
Q

What muscle is seen and in what region is it found?

A

Levator Costarum

Found in the thoracic region

72
Q

What muscles are highlighted and in what regions are they the best developed?

A

Interspinale

Better developed in the cervical and lumbar regions

73
Q

What muscle is highlighted and in what regions are they better developed?

A

Cervical intertransversarii

Well developed in cervical and lumbar regions

Gross Anatomy 2 (8 decks)

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