Vertebrae of the Spine (Quiz 3) Flashcards
What is the inferior aspect of the adult spinal column?
coccygeal region
What is the superior aspect of the adult spinal column?
cervical region
How many vertebrae make up the spinal column?
33
How many vertebrae are in the cervical region?
7
How many vertebrae are in the thoracic region?
12
How many vertebrae are in the lumbar region?
5
How many vertebrae are in the sacral region?
5
How many vertebrae are in the coccygeal region?
4
All vertebrae are articulating in the adult spine except the….
5 sacral vertebrae which are fused in the adult
IVDs are located between vertebrae from the inferior aspect of _____ to the superior aspect of ____
C2, S1
Significant motion can occur between cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and the first sacral vertebrae due to synovial joint articulation. What are these synovial joints called?
zygopophyseal facet joints
What are the functions of the spinal column?
-protect the spinal cord
-supports the weight and transmits it to the pelvis and lower limbs
What does kyphotic curve mean? Where are kyphotic curves in spine?
-convexity of curve projects posteriorly
-thoracic and sacral regions are kyphotic
What does lordotic curve mean? Where are lordotic curves in spine?
-convexity of curve projects anteriorly
-cervical and lumbar regions are lordotic
The typical vertebrae consist of a vertebral body, a vertebral arch, and ___ processes
7
The vertebral body is the large, cylindrical somewhat oval shaped ________ portion of the vertebrae
anterior
What is the function of the vertebral body?
supports the weight of the body and gives strength to the vertebral column
The posterior side of the _____________ forms the anterior boundary of the vertebral foramen
vertebral body
The vertebral bodies of adjacent vertebrae in an articulated vertebral column are joined together by….
IVDs
There is a ring surrounding the central cancellous bone on periphery of the superior and inferior surfaces of the adult vertebral body called the epiphyseal rim. This epiphyseal rim is a remnant of the…
anular epiphysis
Projecting posteriorly from the body of the vertebra is a “U” shaped bony structure called the ______________
vertebral arch
The vertebral arch is formed by 2 _________ and 2 _______
pedicles, laminae
The pedicles form the lateral wall of the vertebral arch, and the lamina form the ___________ wall
posterolateral (mostly posterior)
The vertebral arch and the posterior margin of the vertebral body form a large hole called the….
vertebral foramen
The vertebral arch and the posterior margin of the vertebral body form a large hole called the vertebral foramen. Adjacent vertebral foramina in the articulated vertebral column form the ______________, which houses the ___________
vertebral canal, spinal cord
The 2 ___________ are short stout cylindrical processes (pillars) that project posteriorly from the vertebral body to unite with the laminae
pedicles
What forms the lateral wall of the vertebral foramen?
the 2 pedicles
The 2 pedicles have notches on their superior and inferior borders providing lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae called the…
IVF
The 2 _________ are broad flat plates that fuse in the midline at the posterior aspect of the vertebral foramen to form the posterolateral wall of the vertebral foramen
laminae
The portion of the lamina located between the articular processes is called the __________________ of interarticular part of the lamina
pars interarticularis
The ________ is a bony process that projects from the posterior side of the vertebral arch at the most posterior point where the 2 laminae fuse. This process varies in length, diameter, and orientation depending upon the vertebral region
SP
The bony knobs that can be felt when palpating the midline of someone’s back are the _____ of the SP
tips
The 2 ______ are bony processes that project postereolaterally in a horizontal plane at the junction between the lamina and the pedicle
TPs
The 2 _______________ and 2 _______________ arise superiorly and inferiorly, respectively from the junction between the lamina and pedicle
superior articular surfaces, inferior articular surfaces
The smooth surfaces of the articular processes are called…
articular facets
The _____ is located between adjacent vertebral bodies
IVD
What are the functions of the IVD?
-hold adjacent vertebrae together
-allow for movement between vertebral bodies
-act as a shock absorber as the vertebral column is exposed to compressive forces from gravity
The ______ is a hole on the lateral aspect between adjacent vertebrae in an articulated vertebral column. The IVD and 2 vertebrae each contribute a portion of the borders forming the hole
IVF
Spinal nerves and intervertebral veins pass through the _____ to exit the vertebral canal while spinal branches of regional arteries and the recurrent meningeal nerve pass through the _____ to enter the canal
IVF, IVF
The pedicle vertebral notches seen in the lateral view of a typical vertebra form the bony portion of the IVF. The _____________ of the pedicle forms the inferior border of the IVF. The ______________ of the pedicle forms the superior border of the IVF
superior notch, inferior notch
The ________ does not have a vertebral body or a SP. Instead, it is ring shaped consisting of an anterior and posterior arch
atlas/C1
Which cervical vertebra is the widest and provides increased leverage for attached muscles?
C1
The atlas has 2 __________ that form joints with occiput above and axis below. The have superior and inferior articular surfaces
lateral masses
The atlas has a superior aspect of the lateral masses that is a kidney shaped slightly concave surface called the…
superior articular facets
The atlas superior articular facets articulate with the _______________ located on either side of the foramen magnum
occipital condyles
The inferior aspect of the atlas lateral masses has an __________________ that articulates with the superior articular facets of C2
inferior articular facet
The __________ processes of C1 project laterally off the lateral masses
transverse
Within the TPs of the atlas is a hole called the ____________ through which the vertebral artery runs
transverse foramen
The anterior arch of C1 contains a small, rounded process in the midline on the outer surface of the rings called an….
anterior tubercle
The inner surface of the anterior arch of C1 has a flat surface in the midline that articulates with the anterior surface of the dens called the….
facet for the dens
The ______________ of C1 has a small rounded tubercle located on the outer surface of the posterior arch in the midline called the posterior tubercle.
posterior arch
The posterior arch of C1 corresponds with ________ of typical vertebrae
lamina
There is a groove on the posterior superior aspect of the posterior arch of C1 called the groove for ___________ that runs just behind the lateral masses. C1 n. also runs in this groove
vertebral a.
What is the strongest cervical vertebra?
C2/axis
The C1 vertebrae shaking the head to say no. There are 2 flat surfaces on which atlas rotates called the….
superior articular facets of the axis
In between the 2 superior articular facets projects a tooth-like process superiorly from the C2 body called the ______ or ____________. It is located anterior to the cord and rests against the facet on the inside surface of the anterior arch of the atlas
dens, odontoid process
The dens serves as a pivot for…..
head rotation
The C2 ___________________ is oriented in a nearly horizontal plane and forms a joint with the C3 vertebra
inferior articular facet
C2 has a large _________ that is palpated deep within nuchal groove
bifid SP
What are the smallest vertebrae in the spinal column?
C3-C7
What is the orientation of the C3-C7 articular facets?
horizontal/planar
Which vertebrae have the greatest range of motion?
C3-C7
The TPs of C3-C7 have a transverse foramen also called the foramen transversarium through which vertebral arteries and veins travel with the exception of….
C7 which only contains veins
Where do the TPs of C3-C7 project?
laterally from vertebral bodies
On the superior surface of the TPs there are 2 tubercles for C3-C7. The anterior and posterior tubercle. What attaches to each tubercle?
The anterior tubercle provides attachment for scalene muscles
The posterior tubercle provides attachment for the levator scapulae muscle
On the ____ vertebra, the anterior tubercle of the TP is called the carotid tubercle because the carotid artery can be compressed between the anterior tubercle and the body
C6
Between the transverse tubercles of C3-C7 is the groove for….
spinal nerves
The C3-C7 typical cervical vertebrae have a large vertebral foramen to accommodate the….
cervical enlargement of the cord
The elevated superolateral margin of the cervical vertebral bodies is called the….
uncinate processes
The inferior lateral margin of the cervical vertebrae is inversely reciprocal to the….
uncinate processes
Each typical cervical vertebrae have a superior and inferior ______________. The flat surface on the face of the articular process is called the _______________
articular process, articular facets
For the typical cervical vertebrae, the superior articular facet of one vertebra will form a __________________ with the inferior articular facet of another joint
zygopophyseal joint
The typical cervical vertebrae from C3-C7 have a ______ SP
bifid
What is another name for C7?
vertebral prominens
The thoracic vertebrae provide attachment for….
ribs
Most thoracic articular facets are oriented in which plane? What ROM does this allow?
the coronal/frontal plane allows great ROM for rotation but limits lateral flexion and extension
___________ are located on the lateral aspect of the vertebral bodies and the tips of the TPs. They function to articulate with ribs. Except for T1, which has a demi facet instead of facet located on the superior lateral margin and inferior lateral margin of the vertebral body. The rib will articulate with the superior demi facet below the rib head and the inferior demi facet will be above the rib head.
Costal facets
In general, the thoracic SP slopes _________
inferiorly
Which thoracic vertebra is this?
-atypical
-long almost horizontal SP
-complete costal facet at the superior lateral margin of the vertebral body for articulation with the 1st rib
T1
T1-T4 share some features of ________ vertebrae
cervical
_______ have typical features of thoracic vertebrae
T5-T8
T9-T12 have some features of __________ vertebrae
lumbar
Which thoracic vertebra is this?
-atypical
-the superior half has thoracic features, such as the superior articular facets are more coronal permitting rotation
-the inferior half has lumbar features such as the inferior facet is more sagittally oriented permitting flexion and extension
T12
What are the largest vertebrae in the spinal column?
lumbar
Which vertebrae support the most body weight compared to other vertebrae?
lumbar
Lumbar vertebrae have large SPs that project….
posteriorly
The articular facets of L1-L4 are generally oriented in the ________ plane. This orientation facilitates forward and lateral flexion and extension, but prohibits rotation
sagittal
The L5 vertebra’s superior articular facets face _______ in the sagittal plane and the inferior articular facets face _________ in the coronal plane
medially, laterally
Which lumbar vertebrae is the largest of ALL moveable vertebrae in the spine?
L5
What is the function of L5?
carries the weight of the upper body and transmits it to the base of the sacrum
In the lumbar region, the ______ are small tubercles on the posterior surface of the superior articular processes
MPs
What shape is the sacrum?
triangular wedge shaped bone
T/F: the base of the sacrum is the superior surface of the sacrum
true
The sacrum is composed of ____ vertebrae that fuse in the adult
5
The sacrum is located between coxal bones and transmits body weight to the….
pelvic girdle
What is the orientation of the S1 articular facets?
coronally
T/F: the sacral canal is a continuation of the vertebral canal
true
The sacral foramina is located on the anterior and posterior aspect of the sacrum and are remnants of the ______. The anterior sacral foramina are larger than the posterior foramina. They provide an exit for the anterior and posterior rami of spinal nerves
test q
IVF
The lateral region of S1 expand superiorly like a wing and are called….
alae
Sacral promontory is the ________ projecting edge of S1
anterior
The apex of the sacrum is at the inferior tip. It has an oval shaped facet that articulates with the….
1st coccygeal vertebra
The pelvic surface of the sacrum is smooth and ________
concave
The dorsal surface of the sacrum is rough and convex. It has 5 longitudinal ridges, the _________________ which is a remnant of SPs, 2 ________________________ on each side of the median sacral crest which are a remnants of the articular processes, and 2 ____________________ which are remnant of the TPs
median sacral crest, intermediate sacral crests, lateral sacral crests
The median sacral crest is a remnant of what?
SPs
The intermediate sacral crests are a remnant of what?
articular processes
The lateral sacral crests are a remnant of what?
TPs
The ___________ is a triangular space at the distal end of the sacrum that leads into the sacral canal. It results from absent laminae and SP of S5
sacral hiatus
The sacral cornua projects ________ on either side of the sacral hiatus and represents the inferior articular processes of S5. The sacral cornua articulates with Co1 cornua
inferiorly
The superior part of the lateral surface of the sacrum looks like an auricle or ear so it is named the _____________, which forms synovial joints with the ilium
auricular surface
The __________ is often referred to as the tail bone
coccyx
T/F: the coccyx is triangular shaped like the sacrum with the base being formed by the 1st coccygeal vertebrae and the apex formed by the 4th coccygeal vertebrae
true
Which part of the spinal column does not support body weight when standing but may support some weight while sitting?
coccyx
Can the coccyx fuse to the sacrum with old age?
yes
T/F: the pelvic surface of the coccyx is concave and smooth like the sacrum
true
The posterior surface of the coccyx has rudimentary….
articular processes
What is the largest coccygeal vertebra?
Co1
The Co1 ____ are short processes that project laterally from the body of Co1 and connect with the sacrum
TPs
The rudimentary articular processes of Co1 are called….
coccygeal cornua (and they articulate with the sacral cornua)
