Final practice questions

Question 1

When does gastrulation occur in gestation?

Answer 1

3rd week of gestation

Question 2

What event signals the onset of gastrulation?

Answer 2

formation of the primitive streak

Question 3

What is the primary goal of gastrulation?

Answer 3

establish the 3 primary germ layers

Question 4

Which surface of the embryonic disc does the primitive streak appear?

Answer 4

dorsal

Question 5

Which end of the embryonic disc does the primitive streak first appear?

Answer 5

caudal

Question 6

Which structure establishes the major axis of the embryo?

Answer 6

primitive streak

Question 7

Which end is the primitive node located?

Answer 7

cephalic

Question 8

What causes the elongation of the primitive streak?

Answer 8

epiblast cells migrating through the streak into the median plane

Question 9

What is invagination during gastrulation?

Answer 9

migration of epiblast cells through the primitive streak into the median plane

Question 10

What does the hypoblast layer become?

Answer 10

the endoderm layer

Question 11

What happens in the epiblast cells that invaginate after the hypoblast layer has been displaced?

Answer 11

they differentiate into mesoderm

Question 12

What germ layer does the epiblast layer become after the mesoderm layer has formed?

Answer 12

ectoderm

Question 13

What is the result of invagination?

Answer 13

3 primary germ layers are formed

Question 14

What germ layers are produced during gastrulation?

Answer 14

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 15

Which germ layer gives rise to the epithelial lining of the digestive tract?

Answer 15

endoderm

Question 16

Which embryonic tissue gives rise to the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm?

Answer 16

epiblast

Question 17

Which event initiates the development of the notochord?

Answer 17

aggregation of mesoderm cells immediately beneath the primitive streak

Question 18

Around which embryonic structure do vertebral bodies eventually form?

Answer 18

notochord

Question 19

What is the remnant of the notochord in the developed vertebral column?

Answer 19

nucleus pulposus

Question 20

When in utero does neurulation occur?

Answer 20

around the 3rd week

Question 21

What is the ultimate goal of neurulation?

Answer 21

formation of the brain and spinal cord

Question 22

Which primary germ layer gives rise to the brain and spinal cord during neurulation?

Answer 22

ectoderm

Question 23

What triggers neurulation?

Answer 23

chemical signals from the notochord

Question 24

What cells develop at the lateral margins of the neural plate?

Answer 24

neural crest cells

Question 25

As the neural groove deepens, it forms _____________

Answer 25

neural folds

Question 26

When do somites disappear?

Answer 26

during neurulation as the neural tube is forming

Question 27

What type of embryonic tissue forms neural crest cells?

Answer 27

ectoderm and neuroectoderm (ectoderm is general answer, neuroectoderm is specific answer)

Question 28

What structure gives rise to neural crest cells?

Answer 28

neural plate

Question 29

What nervous system structures do neural crest cells form?

Answer 29

PNS, ganglia, glia cells, meninges

Question 30

How does the neural tube form?

Answer 30

neural folds fuse with each other in the midline

Question 31

When do the neural folds begin to close to form the neural tube?

Answer 31

in week 4

Question 32

Which region on the trilaminar disc does the neural tube initially close?

Answer 32

cervical

Question 33

When is neurulation complete?

Answer 33

when the caudate pore closes

Question 34

What does the cranial/rostral end of the neural tube become?

Answer 34

brain

Question 35

What does the portion distal to the cranial/rostral end of the neural tube become?

Answer 35

spinal cord

Question 36

When does development of the vertebral column occur in the embryo?

Answer 36

during the 4th week of development

Question 37

Which portion of the embryonic vertebrae does the sclerotome become that surrounds the notochord?

Answer 37

centrum (which becomes the vertebral body after ossification)

Question 38

Which portion of the embryonic vertebrae does the sclerotome become that surrounds the neural tube?

Answer 38

neural arch (which becomes the vertebral arch after ossification)

Question 39

Which embryonic structure forms the nucleus pulposus?

Answer 39

remnant of notochord

Question 40

What type of embryonic tissue gives rise to neuroblast cells?

Answer 40

neuroepithelial cells

Question 41

What type of cell give rise to gray mater?

Answer 41

neuroblast cells

Question 42

When do the clusters of gray matter appear in the primordial spinal cord?

Answer 42

around the 6th week of development

Question 43

What are the names of the 2 clusters of gray matter in embryonic spinal cord?

Answer 43

alar plate and basal plate

Question 44

What type of cells give rise to the alar and basal plates of the primordial spinal cord?

Answer 44

neuroblast cells

Question 45

Interneuron cell bodies are found in the _________ cluster of gray matter and motor neuron cell bodies are found in the _________ cluster of gray matter of the developing spinal cord

Answer 45

alar, basal

Question 46

Which vertebral structures begin to fuse during the first year of life?

Answer 46

neural arches

Question 47

What is the name of the nerve that innervates the vertebral column?

Answer 47

recurrent meningeal n.

Question 48

What types of fibers are found in recurrent meningeal nerves?

Answer 48

both sensory and motor fibers

Question 49

What are the names of the 2 branches that come off the dorsal rami?

Answer 49

medial branch and lateral branch

Question 50

What are the names of the 3 connective tissue membranes that protect the spinal cord and nerve roots?

Answer 50

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

Question 51

What is the name of the structure that wraps around nerve roots as they exit the IVF?

Answer 51

dural root sheath

Question 52

What space is found between the vertebral periosteum and the dura mater?

Answer 52

epidural space