Verbs

Question 1

What is “Tense”

Answer 1

A verbs relationship to time.

• Present - “John is going”
• Imperfect - background action. incomplete action. “John was going.”
• Aorist - one-time or completed action. “John went”
• Perfect - A stative (state that’s obtained) with resultative overtones, a non-event. “I’m in the state of having gone > I have gone”

Question 2

What is an “Augment”? And what 4 languages is it attested in?

Answer 2

a prefix (*e-) added to past-tense forms. 
w/o augment it’s an “injunctive”

attested in Indo-Ir, Grk, Arm, & Phrygian.

Question 3

What is “Aspect”? Name the 3 aspects.

Answer 3

A type of action (single, repeated, completed) indicated by a verb.

• Imperfective aspect
• Perfective aspect
• Aktionsart

Question 4

What are the PRESENT ATHEMATIC Personal endings: PRIMARY active

Answer 4

1 sg: *-mi 1 sg: *-men(n/s)
2 sg: *-si 2 sg: *-te(-)
3 sg: *-ti 3 sg: *-énti

Question 5

What are the PRESENT ATHEMATIC Personal endings: SECONDARY active

Answer 5

1 sg: *-m 1 pl: *-me
2 sg: *-s 2 pl: *-te
3 sg: *-t 3 pl: *-ént

Question 6

How is the PERFECT stem formed?

Answer 6

By reduplication. Copy initial C, add -e-

Root can still change grade