Full Laws & Rules

Question 1

Bartholomae’s Law (Phono)

Answer 1

(Progressive): aspiration moves to the end of a cluster and the voiceless C becomes voiced: *ght > *gdh

Question 2

Stang’s Law (phono)

Answer 2

Word final CC (including those with laryngeals) that contain resonants are simplified, with compensatory lengthening of a preceding short V. Ex: *di_ēm > *di_eum

Question 3

Szemerényi’s Law (phono)

Answer 3

*VRs# > V;R#… *s is lost word finally, and V before the resonant is lengthened. ex: *k’u_ons *k’u_on

Question 4

The Boukólos Rule (phono)

Answer 4

(dissimilation) Labiovelars lost their labial elements when adjacent to the vowel *u. Ex: g(w)ou-k(w)olos > *g(w)ou-kolos > Gk: bou-kolos

Question 5

Osthoff’s Law (Phono)

Answer 5

*V_RC > *VRC… long V became short before a resonant plus another C.

Question 6

Siever’s Law (Phono)

Answer 6

The weight of a syllable in PIE affected the pronunciation of following consonant clusters consisting of CGV (glides): if the preceding syllable is heavy (VCC or V:C), the following syllable will have the vocalic realization of the glide inserted before the glide (CVGV). Ex: *herdi_as > *herdii_as > Gth: heirdeis.

Question 7

Lindeman’s Law (Phono)

Answer 7

Monosyllables beginning with a C and a G (glide) were broken up if the word followed a word that ended in a heavy syllable. Eg: *VCC# k’u_ōn > *VCC k’uu_ōn

Question 8

Caland’s Law (Morph)

Answer 8

*-ró- added to Ø-grade of root to make an adjective. Adjectives in *ro substitute in -i- for that suffix when they are the first member of a compound.

Question 9

Wackernagel’s Law (Syntax)

Answer 9

Clitics usually appear in the second position of a sentence after the first stressed element of a clause.

Question 10

Behagel’s Law of Increasing Members

Answer 10

The tendency to add verbal flair to the last thing enumerated in a series. Ex: “Heorogar, Hrothgar, and Halga the good”