Verbs Flashcards
Lead, bring
What is the aorist?
ἀγω
It has a second aorist: ἠγαγον
The stem without the ἐ augment (for other moods): ἀγαγ-
Hear, listen to
What is the future and aorist passive?
What is the perfect active?
ἀκουω
The content of the thing listened to is in accusative; the person/object making the sound you are listening to is in genitive. So when you say ‘I listen to Jesus’, Jesus would be in genitive. If you saw ‘I listen to the words of Jesus’, the ‘words’ would be in accusative and ‘Jesus’ in genitive. So:
- ἀκουω + gen = person
- ἀκουω + acc = thing heard
Future passive: ἀκουσθησομαι
Aorist passive: ἠκουσθην
Perfect active: ἀκηκοα
Throw
What is the aorist?
What is the future tense?
What is the future and aorist passives?
βαλλω
It has a 2nd aorist: ἐβαλον
This verb is a liquid verb (also with a 2nd aorist for aorist tense), so it’s future tense is: βαλεω (uncontracted for clarity - if contracted would be βαλω). Will have middle voice/deponent endings.
Future passive: βληθησοαμι
Aorist passive: ἐβληθην
See, watch
βλεπω
Remember, θεωρεω means to ‘look at’ or ‘gaze at’, so similar meaning
Teach
διδασκω
Have, hold
Is the future, imperfect, and aorist tense the standard paradigm?
ἐχω
Note the different tenses are unusual for this verb and does not follow the normal rules:
- Future: ἑξω (note the rough breathing)
- Imperfect: εἰχον
- Aorist (this is a second aorist): ἐσχον. The stem without the ἐ augment (for other moods): σχ-
Take, receive
What is the aorist?
What are the future and aorist passives?
λαμβανω
Remember that δεχομαι (deponent verb) also means to ‘receive’
It has a 2nd aorist: ἐλαβον
Future passive: λημφθησομαι
Aorist passive: ἐλημφθην
Say, speak, tell
What is the aorist?
What is important about the 2nd aorist of this verb?
What are the future and aorist passives?
λεγω
λεγω + acc = the thing spoken
λεγω + dative = the person/people that is spoken to
It has a second aorist: εἰπον
- In the 2nd aorist of this verb in other moods (other than indicative), the ἐ is not removed and the stem remains as εἰπ-. So the stem without the ἐ augment (for other moods) is εἰπ-.
- It is actually sometimes found with 1st aorist endings rather than the imperfect/present endings you would expect for the 2nd aorist. Eg, εἰπαν rather than εἰπον for 3rd person plural indicative.
Future passive: ῥεθησομαι or ῥηθησομαι
Aorist passive: ἐρρεθην or ἐρρηθην
Untie
λυω
Seek
ζητεω
E-contract verb
Call
What are the future and aorist passives?
καλεω
E-contract verb
When changing to the future or aorist tense, this verb is irregular as the episilon doesn’t change to ‘eta’ and remains as epsilon. ‘Kaleo’ is the only verb that does that.
Future passive: κληθησομαι
Aorist passive: ἐκληθην
Speak, say
λαλεω
E-contract verb
λαλεω + acc = the thing spoken
λαλεω + dative = the person/people that is spoken to
Do, make
ποιεω
E-contract verb
Keep
τηρεω
E-contract verb
Love, like
φιλεω
E-contract verb
Believe
πιστευω
+ dative
The direct object of ‘I believe’ is written in dative, not accusative. Eg, ‘They believe in God’ = πισευουσιν τῳ θεῳ
look up, receive sight
ἀναβλεπω
Compound verb
ἀνα is a rare preposition meaning ‘upwards’ or ‘again’
Set free, divorce, dismiss
ἀπολυω
Compound verb
Intensified meaning from simply ‘untie’. Means to liberate, give freedom.
Drive out, cast out, throw out
What is the aorist?
ἐκβαλλω
Compound verb
It has a 2nd aorist: ἐξεβαλον
-In the unaugmented form (for other moods), the stem is ἐκβαλ-
It is also a liquid verb, so the future tense is: ἐκβαλεω (ε is uncontracted for clarity)
call upon, name
ἐπικαλεω
Compound verb
E-contract verb
Memory tip: epi = onto, so you are ‘calling onto’
dwell, inhabit, live
κατοικεω
Compound verb
E-contract verb
exhort, request, comfort, encourage
παρακαλεω
Compound verb
E-contract verb
Memory tip: παρα means beside, so you are next to them comforting/encouraging/exhorting/requesting them
take, receive (increased intensity eg, into one’s personal space or home)
παραλαμβανω
Compound verb
Memory: Intensified meaning from simply ‘take/receive’. It means to receive/take into one’s personal space, home, etc. Gives a sense of deep intimacy. This intensity is conveyed by παρα which indicates intimacy and close proximity as it means ‘beside/alongside’
walk about, live
περιπατεω
Compound verb
E-contract verb
Memory tip: περι indicates around/about, so if you imagine drawing a circle and living in it, it is kind of like ‘living among them’ ‘walking about’
worship
προσκυνεω + dative
Compound verb
E-contract verb
Note how this verb demands a dative after it, similar to πιστευω
κυνεω is not really used on its own, but it has meaning of ‘to bow down’
gather, bring together
συναγω
Compound verb
Memory tip: taking the preposition and verb together, literally translates to ‘together, lead’. So ‘leading together’ would = gather/bring together
depart
ὑπαγω
Compound verb
Memory tip: it is ὑπο + αγω which means ‘lead down’ which kind of feels like ‘lead away’ ie, depart.
How do you express the negative for verbs in the indicative form?
Add ού (=not) in front of the verb.
If the first letter of the next word is a vowel with smooth breathing: ούκ
If the first letter of the next word is a vowel with rough breathing: οὐχ
I am
εἰμι
You are (singular)
εἰ
He/she/it is
ἐστι(ν)
We are
ἐσμεν
You are (plural)
ἐστε
They are
εἰσι(ν)
How do you differentiate ‘if’ from ‘you are’ (singular)?
Open
ἀνοιγω
Think: it sounds like ‘annoy’ - if you opened a vampire casket, the vampire would be very annoyed!
Reveal, uncover
ἀποκαλυπτω
Think ‘apocalypse’
Bapitise, dip
βαπτιζω
Sounds like ‘baptise’
Write
What are the future and aorist passives?
γραφω
Think ‘agraphia’ ‘graph’ ‘bibliography’
The content of what is written is in the accusative, and the recipient of the writing is in the dative.
Future passive: γραφησομαι
Aorist passive: ἐγραφην
Persecute, pursue
διωκω
Praise, glorify
δοξαζω
Think back to noun ‘δοξα’
Proclaim, preach
κηρυσσω
The Greek word for ‘proclamation’ is ‘kerygma’
Cry out
κραζω
Sounds like ‘cry’
Note, when converting this word into future or aorist tense, it behaves like κρασσω ie, rather than the ζ becoming σ, it becomes ξ
Send
πεμπω
Kind of sounds like ‘penpal’ where you send letters to each other
Convince, persuade
πειθω
Think: you need to ‘pay forward your thoughts’ to convince or persuade someone
save, rescue, heal
What are the future and aorist passives?
σωζω
(sometimes written as σῳζω)
Think ‘soteriology’ - soteriology is the doctrine of salvation
Future passive: σωθησομαι
Aorist passive: ἐσωθην
I exist, I am
ὑπαρχω
Think of it as a combination of ὑπερ + ἀρχη. Which is ‘above’ + ‘beginning’, so combined its like an ‘upgraded/transcendent beginning’ so you don’t just ‘begin’ but you actually ‘exist’ or ‘be’ -> remember God said that ‘I am who I am’, which is to say that God exists beyond the limitations of space and time, and has no beginning and end.
ask (for)
αἰτεω
E-contract verb
Think: ‘aetiology’
αἰτεω is followed by a double accusative - both the person asked and what is asked for occur in the accusative eg, αἰτω τον θεον ζωην (I ask God for life)
Speak well of
Bless
Praise
εὐλογεω
E-contract verb
‘eu’ usually means something good
Think: ‘eulogy’
Looks like a compound verb but does not behave like a compound.
Give thanks
εὐχαριστεω
E-contract verb
‘eu’ usually means something good
Think: ‘eucharist’
Looks like a compound verb but does not behave like a compound.
Build (up)
οἰκοδομεω
E-contract verb
Think: the start is like οἰκος, and δομεω sounds like ‘domestic’ which makes sense because you can build up a house with all the domestic stuff inside it.
Looks like a compound verb but does not behave like a compound.
Take heed of
Pay attention to
προσεχω + dative
Not an E-contract verb
Compound verb
What is the first person singular form of ἐχω in the future, imperfect, and aorist tense?
These variations are irregular from standard future, imperfect, and aorist changes.
Future: ἑξω (note the rough breathing)
Imperfect: εἰχον
Aorist: ἐσχον
I wish/I want to
θελω
Tenses are slightly irregular
- Imperfect: ἠθελον
- Future: θελησω
- Aorist: ἠθελησα
It is necessary to
What is the imperfect form?
What is often the more fluent/sensible translation?
δει
Only occurs in 3rd person singular (called ‘impersonal verbs’)
The imperfect form is ἐδει - (‘it was necessary’)
It is often sensible to rephrase/translate ‘it is necessary’ (which you hardly ever say in English) to some form of ‘must’. Note: there is no word in Greek for ‘must’ - δει is used instead.
I intend to/I am about to
μελλω
It is permitted to/It is lawful to
ἐξεστι / ἐξεστιν
Only occurs in 3rd person singular (called ‘impersonal verbs’)
I follow
ἀκολουθεω + dative
E-contract verb
Think ‘acolyte’ - someone who is a follower or assistant
I lead up, restore
ἀναγω
‘ανα’ is kind of like a prefix that indicates ‘up’ (eg, αναβλεπω) + αγω
I bind, tie up
δεω
I think, seem
δοκεω
E-contract verb
Think ‘docetic’ where in docetism, Jesus only seemed to be human.
I have mercy on, pity
ἐλεεω
E-contract verb
I look at/I gaze at
θεωρεω
E-contract verb
Think ‘theory’ - to come up with a theory you need to look into a subject
I make ineffective, abolish, annull
καταργεω
E-contract verb
Sounds like to ‘cut’ down -> abolish
I bear witnesss, testify
μαρτυρεω
E-contract verb
Think ‘martyr’ who is bearing witness to Jesus by their death
I repent, change my mind
μετανοεω
E-contract verb
Think: ‘μετα’ (after) ‘νο’ (transliterated as ‘no’) -> “after, I am going to say no to sin!”
Which verbs take on the dative?
πιστευω
προσκυνεω
ακολουθεω
προσεχω
ἐγγιζω
παραγγελλω
διακονεω
ἀποκρινομαι
I come, go
What is the aorist?
ἐρχομαι
Middle voice/deponent verb
It has a second aorist: ἠλθον
- Notice how in the aorist it now takes the active voice imperfect endings, no longer the middle voice/deponent endings.
- The stem without the ἐ augment (for other moods): ἐλθ-
- It is actually sometimes found with 1st aorist endings rather than the imperfect/present endings you would expect for the 2nd aorist. Eg, ἠλθατε rather than ἠλθετε for the indicative 2nd person plural (note how this is not imperative, as it still has the ἐ augment; the unaugmented form is ἐλθατε/ἐλθετε).
I depart, go away
ἀπερχομαι
Compount verb (apo + erchomai)
Middle voice/deponent verb
Remember ὑπαγω also means depart
I cross over
διερχομαι
Compound verb
Middle voice/deponent verb
I go into, enter
εἰσερχομαι
Compound verb
Middle voice/deponent verb
Memory tip: εἰς is the preposition for ‘into’.
I go out, go away
ἐξερχομαι
Compound verb
Middle voice/deponent verb
Memory tip: the prefix ἐξ sounds like ‘exit’
I go by, pass by
παρερχομαι
Compound verb
Middle voice/deponent verb
Memory tip: the preposition παρα means ‘beside’ ‘alongside’, which is consistent with the meaning ‘go by’ ‘pass by’
I come to, go to, approach
προσερχομαι
Compound verb
Middle voice/deponent verb
Memory tip: προς is the preposition ‘to/towards’
I come together
συνερχομαι
Compound verb
Middle voice/deponent verb
Memory tip: συν is the preposition for ‘together’
I touch
ἁπτομαι + genitive
Compound verb
Middle voice/deponent verb
Memory tip: the word ‘haptics’ is describing how hard to touch something is eg, iPhone screens. Also think ‘haptoglobin’ as it carries the heme in the circulation after haemolysis.
I refuse, deny
ἀρνεομαι
Middle voice/deponent verb
Memory tip: ἀρνε sounds like ‘아니’ which means ‘no’ in Korean.
I begin, rule/govern/command
ἀρχομαι
Middle voice/deponent verb
Think of the feminine noun ἀρχη which means ‘beginning’
I greet
ἀσπαζομαι
Middle voice/deponent verb
Memory tip: soundslike Asta (just replace the ‘t’ with ‘p’) from Black Clover, who is very cheerful and will greet everyone he meets.
I receive
δεχομαι
Middle voice/deponent verb
Memory tip: sounds like ‘deck’ or ‘dock’ where shipping containers are received
I work
ἐργαζομαι
Middle voice/deponent verb
Think of the neuter noun εργον which means ‘work’
I proclaim good news
εὐαγγελιζομαι
Compound verb εὐ - ἀγγελιζομαι
Middle voice/deponent verb
Memory tip: εὐαγγελιον means ‘good news/gospel’
I calculate, consider
λογιζομαι
Middle voice/deponent verb
Memory tip: sounds like ‘logic’ which you need to calculate or consider things carefully
I pray
προσευχομαι
Compound verb
Middle voice/deponent verb
Memory tip: προσ is also in the Greek verb ‘worship’ indicating something spiritual, and ευ is usually in front of things that are good (eg, εὐαγγελιον, εὐχαριςτεω). So spiritual + good = prayer.
I summon
προσκαλεομαι
Compound verb
Middle voice/deponent verb
Memory tip: προσ means ‘to/towards’ and καλεω means ‘call’, so ‘call to/towards’ = summon
I rescue
ῥυομαι
Middle voice/deponent verb
Note the rough breathing
I will be
ἐσομαι
You will be (singular)
ἐσῃ
He/she/it will be
ἐσται
We will be
ἐσομεθα
You will be (plural)
ἐσεσθε
They will be
ἐσονται
I was
ἠμην
You were (singular)
ἠς or ἠσθα
He/she/it was
ἠν
We were
ἠμεν or ἠμεθα
You were (plural)
ἠτε
They were
ἠσαν
To be (infinitive)
εἰναι
Being (present participle, masculine nominative)
- singular
- plural
- ὠν
- ὀντες
What is the problem with the verbs ἐρχομαι and ἀρχομαι?
They look identical in the imperfect form. So to distinguish them you need to look at the context and see what fits better.
Also note that the Future & Aorist tense of ἐρχομαι (and its compounds) are irregular.
I approach, come near
ἐγγιζω + dative
Note the pronounciation will have a ‘ν’ due to the double γγ -> ἐ(ν)γγιζω
Note it has the same root as ‘ἐγγυς’ which means ‘near’
I lead
ἡγεομαι
Middle voice/deponent verb
Think: ‘hegemony’
I am amazed
θαυμαζω
I heal
θεραπευω
Think ‘therapeutics’
I sleep
καθευδω
Think about the ‘cath lab’, where you need to catheterise someone for an angiogram - you need to put them to sleep before you do so!
Sin (as a verb)
What is the aorist?
ἁμαρτανω
It has a 2nd aorist: ἡμαρτον
The stem without the ἐ augment (for other moods): ἀμαρτ-
Die (as a verb)
What is the aorist?
What is the future tense?
ἀποθνῃσκω
It has a 2nd aorist: ἀπεθανον
The stem without the ἐ augment (for other moods): ἀποθαν-
This verb is a liquid verb (also with a 2nd aorist for aorist tense), so it’s future tense is: ἀποθανεομαι (uncontracted for clarity - if contracted would be ἀποθανουμαι). Will have middle voice/deponent endings.
Find
What is the aorist?
εὑρισκω
It has a 2nd aorist: εὑρον
The stem without the ἐ augment (for other moods): εὑρ- (not much change!)
Think: ‘eureka!’
Leave
What is the aorist?
καταλειπω
It has a 2nd aorist: κατελιπον
The stem without the ἐ augment (for other moods): καταλιπ-
Learn
What is the aorist?
μανθανω
It has a 2nd aorist: ἐμαθον
Suffer
What is the aorist?
πασχω
It has a 2nd aorist: ἐπαθον (think ‘pathology’)
Drink
What is the aorist?
πινω (think ‘pinot noir’)
It has a 2nd aorist: ἐπιον
Flee
What is the aorist?
φευγω
(think ‘feudal lords’ who would flee from battle)
It has a 2nd aorist: ἐφυγον
Go
Does this word occur by itself?
What is the aorist?
βαινω
No, it only occurs in compounds: καταβαινω & ἀναβαινω
It has a second aorist, which is a bit unusual. See attached photo.
Know
What is the aorist?
γινωσκω
It has a second aorist ἐγν-ων, but the endings are a bit unusual. See attached image.
Fall
What is the aorist?
πιπτω
(Think of ‘tipsy’ people are the ones that fall over)
It has a second aorist: ἐπεσον
Become, happen
What is the aorist?
γινομαι
Deponent verb/middle voice
It has a second aorist ἐγενομην (will follow deponent endings)
Eat
What is the aorist?
ἐσθιω
(think ‘eski’ which stores cold food!)
It has a second aorist: ἐφαγον
See
What is the aorist? What is the unaugmented form (ie, to be used in moods other than indicative)?
What are the future and aorist passives?
What is the perfect active?
ὁραω
(think in Japanese, when they want someone to come look at something, they say ‘hora!’)
It has a second aorist: εἰδον
- The stem without the ἐ augment (for other moods): ἰδ-. So in the unaugmented form, the stem is ἰδ-
- It is actually sometimes found with 1st aorist endings rather than the imperfect/present endings you would expect for the 2nd aorist. Eg, εἰδαν rather than εἰδον for 3rd person plural indicative.
Future passive: ὀφθησομαι
Aorist passive: ὠφθην
(these passive changes sound similar to ‘ophthalmology’)
Perfect active: ἑωρακα (the ε is not an augment, but a reduplication, so will remain in other moods)
Carry, bear
What is the aorist?
What are the future and aorist passives?
φερω
It has a second aorist: ἠνεγκον (think ‘enigma’)
- The stem without the ἐ augment (for other moods): ἐνεγκ-
- It is actually sometimes found with 1st aorist endings rather than the imperfect/present endings you would expect for the 2nd aorist. Eg, ἠνεγκαν rather than ἠνεγκον for 3rd person plural indicative.
Future passive: ἐνεχθησομαι
Aorist passive: ἠνεχθην
Arrive, standby
What is the aorist?
παραγινομαι
Middle voice/deponent verb
It has a second aorist:
- παρεγενομην (if in the indicative, remember will have deponent endings in the imperfect tense for the indicative mood)
- παραγεν- (if in other moods, it is παρα- not παρε- as it no longer has the ἐ augment; remember it will have deponent endings in the present tense for the other moods - for example the aorist imperative will be παραγενου in the 2nd person singular and παραγενεσθε 2nd person plural)
Go down
What is the aorist?
καταβαινω
It is a compound verb with βαινω
It has a second aorist which has unusual endings. See attached image.
Go up
What is the aorist?
ἀναβαινω
Compound verb with βαινω
It has a second aorist which has unusual endings. See attached image.
Read
What is the aorist?
ἀναγινωσκω
It is a compound verb with γινωσκω
It has a second aorist with unusual endings. See attached image.
Recognise, perceive
What is the aorist?
ἐπιγινωσκω
It is a compound verb with γινωσκω
It has a second aorist which has unusual endings. See attached image.
Sow
What is the future & aorist tense?
What are the future and aorist passives?
σπειρω
It is a liquid verb:
- Future: σπερεω (written uncontracted for clarity, would normally be σπερω in 1st person singular)
- Aorist: ἐσπειρα
Future passive: σπαρησομαι
Aorist passive: ἐσπαρην
Raise up, wake
What is the future & aorist tense?
What is the future and aorist passives?
ἐγειρω
It is a liquid verb:
- Future: ἐγερεω (written uncontracted for clarity, would normally be ἐγερω in 1st person singular)
- Aorist: ἠγειρα
Future passive: ἐγερθησομαι
Aorist passive: ἠγερθην
Kill
What is the future & aorist tense?
What are the future and aorist passives?
ἀποκτεινω
It is a liquid verb:
- Future: ἀποκτενεω (written uncontracted for clarity, would normally be ἀποκτενω in 1st person singular)
- Aorist: ἀπεκτεινα
Future passive: ἀποκτανθησομαι
Future aorist: ἀπεκτανθην
Lift up, take away
What is the future & aorist tense?
What is the stem in the aorist in moods other than indicative?
αἰρω
It is a liquid verb:
- Future: ἀρεω (written uncontracted for clarity, would normally be ἀρω in 1st person singular)
- Aorist: ἠρα (note the aorist stem for other moods is ἀρ-, as the ἐ augment is removed. So for example, the plural aorist participle is ἀραντες)
Send out
What is the future & aorist tense?
What are the future and aorist passives?
ἀποστελλω
It is a liquid verb:
- Future: ἀποστελεω (written uncontracted for clarity, would normally be ἀποστελω in 1st person singular)
- Aorist: ἀπεστειλα
Future passive: ἀποσταλησομαι
Aorist passive: ἀπεσταλην
Announce
What is the future & aorist tense?
ἀγγελλω
It is a liquid verb:
- Future: ἀγγελεω (written uncontracted for clarity, would normally be ἀγγελω in 1st person singular)
- Aorist: ἠγγειλα
Very rarely occurs on its own. Usually in compound verb of ἀπαγγελλω and παραγγελλω.
Order
What is the future & aorist tense?
παραγγελλω + dative
Compound verb
It is a liquid verb:
- Future: παραγγελεω (written uncontracted for clarity, would normally be παραγγελω in 1st person singular)
- Aorist: παρηγγειλα
Report, announce
What is the future & aorist tense?
ἀπαγγελλω
Compound verb.
It is a liquid verb:
- Future: ἀπαγγελεω (written uncontracted for clarity, would normally be ἀπαγγελω in 1st person singular)
- Aorist: ἀπηγγειλα
Remain
What is the future & aorist tense?
How do you differentiate some of the present and future tense words?
μενω
It is a liquid verb:
- Future: μενεω (written uncontracted for clarity, would normally be μενω in 1st person singular). Note how there is no change in stem.
- Aorist: ἐμεινα
4 out of 6 of the future tense paradigm will be the same as the present tense paradigm. The way to differentiate is that a liquid verb has a circumflex accent only if it is in the future.
Judge, decide
What is the future & aorist tense?
How do you differentiate some of the present and future tense words?
κρινω
It is a liquid verb:
- Future: κρινεω (written uncontracted for clarity, would normally be κρινω in 1st person singular). Note how there is no change in stem.
- Aorist: ἐκρινα
4 out of 6 of the future tense paradigm will be the same as the present tense paradigm. The way to differentiate is that a liquid verb has a circumflex accent only if it is in the future.
Owe
What is the future & aorist tense?
ὀφειλω
It is a liquid verb:
- Future: ὀφελεω (written uncontracted for clarity, would normally be ὀφελω in 1st person singular)
- Aorist: ὠφειλα
Rejoice
What is the future & aorist tense?
What does the imperative mean?
χαιρω
(Remember χαρα is joy)
It is a liquid verb:
- Future: χαρεω (written uncontracted for clarity, would normally be χαρω in 1st person singular)
- Aorist: ἐχαιρα
Usually the imperatives χαιρε and χαιρετε mean ‘Greetings!’
Look! Behold!
ἰδου
Kind of like an imperative form of ὁραω/εἰδον
Bring to, offer
What is the aorist?
προσφερω
(Compound verb with φερω)
It has a 2nd aorist: προσηνεγκον
-In its unaugmented form (for other moods), the stem is προσενεγκ-
buy
ἀγοραζω
Think: ‘agoraphobia’
blaspheme
βλασφημεω
E-contract verb
serve
διακονεω + dative
E-contract verb
Think: ‘deacon’
consider, argue, discuss
διαλογιζομαι
Middle/deponent voice
Think: ‘dialogue’
hope
ἐλπιζω
prepare, make ready
ἑτοιμαζω
grasp, arrest
κρατεω
E-contract verb
Think: ‘autocratic’
hate
μισεω
E-contract verb
Think: misanthropic
test, tempt
πειραζω
do
πρασσω
Remember: ποιεω means ‘do’ or ‘make’
prophesy
προφητευω
cause to fall/sin/stumble
σκανδαλιζω
Think: ‘scandal’
subject
ὑποτασσω
Remember: ὑπο + gen = ‘by the hands of’. The verb ‘subject’ has a similar feel to it.
guard
φυλασσω
Means ‘guard’ in active voice
Means ‘be on guard’ in middle voice. Eg, φυλασσομαι = ‘I am on my guard’, rather than ‘I guard’
Think: ‘prophylaxis’
call/call out
φωνεω
E-contract verb
Remember: φωνη means ‘voice’ or ‘sound’
give freely
χαριζομαι
Middle/deponent voice
turn
turn (back)
turn back, return
What are the future and aorist passives?
στρεφω
ἐπιστρεφω
ὑποστρεφω
Future passive: στραφησομαι, ἐπιστραφησομαι, ὑποστραφησομαι
Aorist passive: ἐστραφην, ἐπεστραφην, ὑπεστραφην
shine, appear
What are the future and aorist passives?
φαινω
Means ‘I appear’ in the passive form; ‘I shine’ in the active form.
Future passive: φανησομαι
Aorist passive: ἐφανην
Think: ‘phenomenon’ ‘phantom’ ‘epiphany’
answer
ἀποκρινομαι + dative
This verb is a passive deponent (but only in the aorist tense) to be active in meaning. It takes on the middle voice in the future tense.
Present: ἀποκρινομαι
Future: ἀποκρινουμαι (middle voice - this is middle form, and in this middle form, rather than adding σ, ε is added instead in the future tense so that it becomes an e-contract verb (like the liquid verbs eg, κρινω -> κρινεω for future tense).
Aorist: ἀπεκριθην (passive deponent - passive ending but active in meaning ie, ‘I answer’ rather than ‘I am answered’)
wish
βουλομαι
This verb is a passive deponent so it is active in meaning (eg. ‘I wish’ rather than ‘I am wished’)
Present: βουλομαι
Future: βουλησομαι
Aorist: ἐβουληθην
Go
Go out
Go = πορευομαι
Go out = ἐκπορευομαι
This verb is a passive deponent so it is active in meaning. However, the future tense can be either middle or passive forms
Present: πορευοαμι ἐκπορευομαι
Future: πορευσομαι (middle)/πορευθησομαι (passive) ἐκπορευσομαι (middle)/ἐκπορευθησομαι (passive)
Aorist: ἐπορευθην ἐξεπορευθην
am afraid, fear
φοβεομαι
E-contract very, above form is uncontracted for clarity.
This verb is a passive deponent so it is active in meaning.
Present: φοβουμαι
Future: φοβηθησομαι
Aorist: ἐφοβηθην
make holy
ἁγιαζω
am weak, sick
ἀσθενεω
E-contract verb, uncontracted for clarity
Remember: ἀσθενης is the adjective for ‘sick/weak’
take up/carry
βασταζω
marry
γαμεω
E-contract verb, uncontracted for clarity
Think: ‘gamete’ ‘monogamy’
make known
γνωριζω
am a slave
δουλευω
Remember δουλος means ‘slave’
pour out
ἐκχεω
E-contract verb, uncontracted for clarity
Like ‘pour out water’ but can also be used for blood where it would be translated as ‘shed blood’
dress
ἐνδυω
This verb is one of those rare verbs that preserves the classical middle voice meaning. So it means different things in active, middle, and passive voices. In the middle voice, it would be a reflexive meaning back on the subject eg, ‘I dress myself’.
Think: ‘endue’
have come, am present
ἡκω
am strong
ἰσχυω
command
κελευω
weep
κλαιω
hinder
κωλυω
Remember: χωφος means ‘mute/deaf’, λυω means ‘lead’, so it kind of feels like ‘leading into muteness/deafness’ which is essentially ‘hindering’ someone.
grieve, pain
λυπεω
E-contract verb, uncontracted for clarity
Think: ‘lupus’
swear, take an oath
ὀμνυω
Think: ‘solemn’ - when you solemnly swear or take an oath
exceed, abound
περισσευω
finish, complete
τελεω
E-contract verb, uncontracted for clarity
Think: ‘teleology’. Also remember that τελος is the noun meaning ‘goal/ending’ (3rd declension -ε ending neuter noun)
ponder
φρονεω
E-contract verb, uncontracted for clarity
Think: ‘schizophrenia’
woe (exclamation eg, ‘Woe! to the…’)
οὐαι
What is the subjunctive form of the εἰμι verbs?
In the subjunctive, the εἰμι verbs just become the subjunctive endings.
Its present subjunctive is:
ὠ
ᾐς
ᾐ
ὠμεν
ἠτε
ὠσιν
take away, kill
ἀναιρεω
E-contract verb
accuse
κατηγορεω
E-contract verb
Think: ‘categorical’
promise, confess
ὁμολογεω
E-contract verb
Think: ‘homily’
am able to
How does it conjugate?
δυναμαι
Perfect endings for present meaning
Pluperfect endings for imperfect meaning
See attached image
sit
How does it conjugate?
καθημαι
Perfect endings for present meaning
Pluperfect endings for imperfect meaning
See attached image
lie (lie down)
How does it conjugate?
κειμαι
Perfect endings for present meaning
Pluperfect endings for imperfect meaning
See attached image
know
How does it conjugate?
οἰδα
Perfect endings for present meaning
Pluperfect endings for imperfect meaning
See attached image
grow
αὐξανω
make/declare clean, or cleanse
καθαριζω
Think: ‘catharsis/cathartic’
sit down (if used intransitively)
to cause to sit down (if used transitively)
καθιζω
If transitive, ‘cause to sit down’.
Can also be used intransitively ie, ‘I sit down’
Similar to καθημαι - ‘I sit down’ (used intransitively)
am present
παρειμι
(combination of παρα + εἰμι)
do wrong
ἀδικεω
This is one of those words where an -α prefix (alpha privative) makes them negative.
Similar to ἀδικια - wrongdoing (noun)
How do the different tenses correlate with meaning for the verb ἱστημι?
It can be transitive (take an object ie, ‘I cause to stand’), or it can be intransitive (cannot take an object ie, ‘I stand’).
Transitive present (I cause to stand) = present active (ἱστημι)
Transitive future (I will cause to stand) = future active (στησω)
Transitive past (I caused to stand) = 1st aorist active (ἐστησα)
Intransitive present (I stand) = perfect active (ἑστηκα)
Intransitive future (I will stand) = future middle (στησομαι)
Intransitive past (aorist) (I stood) = 2nd aorist active (ἐστην) or 2nd aorist passive (ἐσταθην)
Intransitive past (imperfect) (I was standing) = pluperfect active (εἱστηκειν)
put, place
What are the present and verbal stems?
What is the pattern of the endings/what are the conjugations?
τιθημι
Present stem = τιθε
Verbal stem = θε
See attached image for conjugations.
give
What is the present and verbal stems?
What is the pattern of the endings/what are the conjugations?
διδωμι
Present stem= διδο
Verbal stem= δο
See attached image for conjugations.
Cause to stand/stand
What are the present and verbal stems?
What is the pattern of the endings/what are the conjugations?
How do you differentiate a transitive or intransitive meaning?
ἱστημι
Present stem = ἱστα
Verbal stem = στα
See attached image for conjugations.
What does ἱημι mean?
Does it usually occur by itself?
How does it conjugate? What are the preset and verbal stems?
It literally means ‘I send’
However, it is only found in compounds:
- ἀφιημι: ‘I leave, forgive, dismiss’
- συνιημι: ‘I understand’
It conjugates like τιθημι.
- Present stem: ἱε
- Verbal stem: ἑ
leave, forgive, dismiss
How does it conjugate?
ἀφιημι
It conjugates like τιθημι.
- Present stem: ἀφιε
- Verbal stem: ἀφε
I understand
How does it conjugate?
συνιημι
It conjugates like τιθημι.
- Present stem: συνιε
- Verbal stem: συνε
show, point out
How does it decline?
δεικνυμι
In the present tense, it declines like:
- Present active indicative: δεικνυμι, δεικνυεις, δεικνυσιν, δεικνυμεν, δεικνυτε, δεικνυασιν
- All other present forms: like διδωμι, but δεικνυ replacing διδο/διδου
In other tenses, need to refer to principal parts for altered stems, which them follow λυω conjugations.
ruin, destroy
How does it conjugate?
ἀπολλυμι
In the present tense, it declines like:
- Present active indicative: ἀπολλυμι, ἀπολλυεις, ἀπολλυσιν, ἀπολλυμεν, ἀπολλυτε, ἀπολλυασιν
- All other present forms: like διδωμι, but ἀπολλυ replacing διδο/διδου
In other tenses, need to refer to principal parts for altered stems, which them follow λυω conjugations.
Note: in the middle (ἀπολλυμαι), it means ‘I perish’
say (-μι verb)
In which forms does this verb only appear?
φημι
Present
- I say: φημι
- He says: φησιν
- They say: φασιν
Imperfect
-He said: ἐφη
give away
What are the present and verbal stems?
How does it conjugate?
ἀποδιδωμι
Present stem: ἀποδιδο
Verbal stem: ἀποδο
See attached for conjugations.
hand over, entrust
παραδιδωμι
Present stem: παραδιδο
Verbal stem: παραδο
See attached for conjugations.
raise
What are the present and verbal stems?
How does it conjugate?
ἀνιστημι
Present stem: ἀνιστα
Verbal stem: ἀνστα
See attached for conjugations.
place beside
What are the present and verbal stems?
How does it conjugate?
παριστημι
Present stem: παριστα
Verbal stem: παραστα
See attached for conjugations.
put, place upon
What are the present and verbal stems?
How does it conjugate?
ἐπιτιθημι
Present stem: ἐπιτιθε
Verbal stem: ἐπιθε
See attached for conjugations.
fulfill
What are the present and verbal stems?
How does it conjugate?
πιμπλημι
Present stem: πιμπλα
Verbal stem: πλα
See attached image for conjugations.
love
(-αω verb)
ἀγαπαω
Think: ἀγαπη
bear (beget)
What does it mean in the passive?
γενναω
In the passive, γενναω means ‘I am born’
thirst/thirst for
διψαω
Think: ‘polydipsia’
ask (-αω verb)
ἐρωταω
Like αἰτεω
Note: like αἰτεω, this verb and its compounds are followed by a double accusative, both the person asked and what is asked for occur in the accusative
ask for (-αω verb)
ἐπερωταω
Like αἰτεω and ἐρωταω
Note: like αἰτεω, this verb and its compounds are followed by a double accusative, both the person asked and what is asked for occur in the accusative
live
ζαω
Similar to ζωη
Note: this verb behaves differently from other -αω verbs, contracting to an η rather than an α. Thus, for example, the present infinitive is ζην, not ζαν. See attached image.
heal (-αω verb)
ἰαομαι
Note: this is an -αω verb
Think: ‘iatrogenic’
Note: In the ‘other tenses’ (future, aorist, perfect), the α in ἰαομαι remains an a α rather than becoming an η. Thus, for example, the Future is ἰ_α_σομαι.
labour
κοπιαω
Think: 코피, working so hard your nose bleeds!
overcome, win, conquer
νικαω
Think: ‘Nike’
hunger
πειναω
Think: hunger pains
deceive, lead astray
πλαναω
We get the word ‘planet’ from this. Just like the planets wander, this word means to lead astry, lead to wander, etc.
honour, value
τιμαω
Similar to τιμη
rebuke
ἐπιτιμαω
Compound verb from τιμαω
justify
δικαιοω
Similar to δικαιος and δικαιοσυνη
fulfill, fill, complete
πληροω
Similar to πιμπλημι
crucify
σταυροω
Similar to σταυρος
accomplish, complete
τελειοω (-οω) verb
Similar to τελος and τελεω
reveal, make known
φανεροω
Similar to φαινω and ἀποκαλυπτω
see, look at (-α contract verb)
θεαομαι
boast
καυχαομαι
remember
μιμνῃσκομαι + genitive
wash
νιπτω
