Adjectives & Adverbs Flashcards
How do adjectives decline?
Adjectives have to agree with their nouns in terms of:
- gender
- case
- number
How do feminine singular adjectives decline whose stems ends in a vowel or a -ρ?
Good
What is the comparative adjective form and what does it mean?
What is the adverb form and what does it mean?
ἀγαθος
Origin of the female name ‘Agatha’. Memory tip: think of the witch in Marvel -> her name is Agatha so think of the opposite meaning (ie, ‘good’)
Comparative adjective:
- κρεισσων
- ‘better’
Adverb:
- εὐ
- ‘well’
Beloved
ἀγαπητος
Think about the feminine noun ‘ἀγαπη’
Holy
ἁγιος
Hagiography is a biography of a saint or holy person
Feminine singular forms will have ‘-α’ endings
Upright, just
δικαιος
Feminine singular forms will have ‘-α’ endings
Each
ἑκαστος
Another, different
ἑτερος
Feminine singular forms will have ‘-α’ endings
Think ‘hetero-sexual’ or ‘hetero-geneous’
one’s own
ἰδιος
Feminine singular forms will have ‘-α’ endings
Origin of the words ‘idiot’ and ‘idiosyncratic’
Jewish, a Jew
Ἰουδαιος
Feminine singular forms will have ‘-α’ endings
Bad
What is the comparative adjective form and what does it mean?
κακος
Think ‘kaka’ is poo in Italian
Comparative adjective:
- χειρων
- ‘worse’
Beautiful, good
καλος
Think about calligraphy - calligraphy is beautiful!
New
καινος
Sounds similar to καιρος which means time or season, but it is ‘new’ so the ‘ρ’ is replaced with ‘ν’.
Blessed, happy
μακαριος
Feminine singular forms will have ‘-α’ endings
Think ‘macarena’ dance -> people who do the mararena dance are happy and blessed!
only, alone
μονος
Think ‘mono-poly’ ‘mono-theism’
Dead
νεκρος
Feminine singular forms will have ‘-α’ endings
Think ‘necro-mancer’ ‘necro-polis’
as/how great as, as/how much as
ὁσος
faithful, believing
πιστος
Think back to the word ‘believe’ - πιστευω
evil, wicked
πονηρος
Feminine singular forms will have ‘-α’ endings
Think of ‘porn’ -> sounds similar to πονηρος
blind
τυφλος
Much, many
How does it decline?
What is the comparative adjective form and what does it mean?
What is the adverb form and what does it mean?
πολυς
(think actually πολλος with abbreviated/shortened nom/acc masc/neut. singular)
Think ‘poly-theism’ remembering that ‘υ’ in Greek can represent ‘y’ in English
Comparative adjective (already learnt):
- πλειων
- ‘more’
Adverb:
- πολλα
- ‘greatly’
Remember that:
- comparative adverb: μαλλον
- superlative adverb: μαλιστα
Large, great
How does it decline?
What is the comparative adjective form and what does it mean?
μεγας
(think actually μεγαλος with abbreviated/shortened nom/acc masc/neut. singular)
Think ‘mega-phone’
Comparative adjective:
- μειζων
- ‘greater’
Eternal
αἰωνιος
Sounds similar to ‘eon’
Does not have feminine declensions. Uses masculine forms when used to describe feminine nouns eg, ἡ αἰωνιος ζωη.
unable to speak/mute, deaf
κωφος
Memory tip: the first two letters are like K.O. -> if you are knocked out you can’t speak or hear. The ‘phi’ can be remembered as this might happen during a f(phi)ight!
lame
χωλος
Memory tip: the ‘chi’ (x) looks like cutting something, the ‘omega’ (w) looks like two legs, so you cut the the legs so it is describing someone who is lame
larger, greater
μειζων (masc/fem), μειζον (neuter), μειζονος (gen. sing.)
Follows 3rd declension endings.
Irregular comparative adjective form of μεγας
more
πλειων (masc/fem), πλειον (neuter), πλειονος (gen. sing.)
Follows 3rd declension endings.
Irregular comparative adjective form of πολυς
all/every/whole
- how does it decline?
- meaning?
- how is it used?
πας/πασα/παν/παντος
Declension
It follows a 3-1-3 hybrid declension (combining 3rd declension for masculine & neuter, and 1st declension for feminine). For hybrid declensions you need to know 4 things:
- Masculine nominative singular (because of unique ending)
- Feminine nominative singular (to generate the feminine declension)
- Neuter nominative singular (because of unique ending)
- Genitive singular for masculine/neuter (to obtain stem for remainder of masculine/neuter declension)
See attached image for full declension. Note how the feminine declension is alpha-impure.
Meaning: on it’s own it means ‘all’. But in English it is best translated as ‘every’ or ‘whole’ when used with singular nouns, or ‘all’ if used with a plural noun. Eg, ‘every tree’ vs. ‘all trees’
Usage:
- Can be used on it’s own as a pronoun. Gender reveals what it implies.
Eg, παντα δι’ αὐτου ἐγενετο = all things came to be through him
- As an adjective. If used with with an article, it must be in the predicative position for the attributive use (similar to οὑτος/ἐκεινος). Same thing applies to articles being used to turn participles into nouns.
Eg, παν δενδρον ἀγαθον καρπους καλους ποιει = Every good tree good fruit
Eg, συνερχονται παντες οἱ ἀρχιερεις = All the high priests gather
Eg, πας ὁ πιστευων ὁτι Ἰησους ἐστιν ὁ Χριστος = Everyone who believes that the Messiah is Jesus
One
-how does it decline?
It follows a hybrid 3-1-3 declension.
εἱς/μια/ἑν/ἑνος
The 4 things that you need to know for the hybrid 3-1-3 declension:
- Masculine nominative singular = εἱς
- Feminine nominative singular = μια
- Neuter nominative singular = ἑν
- Masc/neuter genitive singular = ἑνος
See attached image for full declension.
Note how the feminine declension is alpha-pure.
Note the rough breathing marks.
