Pronouns

Question 1

Him (3rd person masculine nominative singular pronoun)

Answer 1

αὐτος

Question 2

Her (3rd person feminine nominative singular pronoun)

Answer 2

αὐτη

Question 3

It (3rd person neuter nominative singular pronoun)

Answer 3

αὐτο

Question 4

Him (3rd person masculine accusative singular pronoun)

Answer 4

αὐτον

Question 5

Her (3rd person feminine accusative singular pronoun)

Answer 5

αὐτην

Question 6

It (3rd person neuter accusative singular pronoun)

Answer 6

αὐτο

Question 7

His (3rd person masculine genitive singular pronoun)

Answer 7

αὐτου

Question 8

Her’s (3rd person feminine genitive singular pronoun)

Answer 8

αὐτης

Question 9

Its (3rd person neuter genitive singular pronoun)

Answer 9

αὐτου

Question 10

To him (3rd person masculine dative singular pronoun)

Answer 10

αὐτῳ

Question 11

To her (3rd person feminine dative singular pronoun)

Answer 11

αὐτῃ

Question 12

To it (3rd person neuter dative singular pronoun)

Answer 12

αὐτῳ

Question 13

They (men)

They (women)

They (neuter)

3rd person nominative plural pronoun (masc/fem/neut)

Answer 13

αὐτοι

αὐται

αὐτα

Question 14

Them (men)

Them (women)

Them (neuter)

3rd person accusative plural pronoun (masc/fem/neut)

Answer 14

αὐτους

αὐτας

αὐτα

Question 15

Their (men, women, neuter)

3rd person genitive plural pronoun (masc/fem/neut)

Answer 15

αὐτων

Question 16

To them (men)

To them (women)

To them (neuter)

3rd person dative plural pronoun (masc/fem/neut)

Answer 16

αὐτοις

αὐταις

αὐτοις

Question 17

What is the pronoun for ‘this’ & ‘these’ and how do they decline?

Answer 17

See picture.

Extra notes:

-note how αὑτη (from οὑτος, with a rough breathing) is easily confused with αὐτη (from αὐτος).

Question 18

What is the pronoun for ‘that’ & ‘those’ and how does it decline?

Answer 18

See picture

Question 19

Other than the standard pronoun use of the different declensions of αὐτος, what are two other kinds of uses?

Answer 19

1. Standard pronoun eg, I speak to her λεγω αὐτῃ or His disciples were speaking οἱ μαθηται αὐτου ἐλεγον
2. Adjective meaning ‘same’, needs to be put in the attributive position (between the article and the noun). Eg, the same Lord saves the people ὁ αὐτος κυριος σοζει τον λαον
3. Emphatic adjective (himself, herself, itself, themselves), used for emphasis, needs to be put in predicative position before the article. Eg, The Lord Himself saves the people αὐτος ὁ κυριος σοζει τον λαον

Question 20

Other than αὐτος, what are two other 3rd person pronouns?

Answer 20

1. αὐτος which can be used as a) standard pronoun b) adjective meaning ‘same’ c) emphatic adjective

2. ἑαυτος - is a 3rd person reflexive pronoun (himself, herself, itself, themselves). Declines exactly the same as αὐτος, but because of its meaning will never occur in the nominative. This is different to the emphatic use of αὐτος, as ἑαυτος is when an action is done reflexively back to the subject (in English, the same word ‘himself’ is used in both meanings). Eg,

• The Lord saves himself: ὁ κυριος σωζει ἑαυτον
• The Lord Himself saves: αὐτος ὁ κυριος σωζει

3. ἀλλος and ἀλληλος

• ἀλλος is an adjective meaning ‘other’, declines like ἐκεινος, used in same way as other attributive adjectives in the attributive position (unlike ἐκεινος/οὑτος where the attributive use is in the predicative position). Eg, and other boats were with him: και ἀλλα πλοια ἠν μετ’ αὐτου
• ἀλληλος is a pronoun meaning ‘one another’, declines like ἐκεινος. Because of its meaning, it can never appear in the nominative. Eg, they were saying to one another: ἐλεγον προς ἀλληλους

Note: to differentiate ἀλλὰ (‘but’) from ἄλλα (‘other’ in neuter nom/acc plural form of ἀλλος), note the accents that are used.

Also don’t forget declensions of ἐκεινος & οὑτος

Question 21

How are the ‘ἐκεινος’ and ‘οὑτος’ type pronouns used as pronouns? How are they used as adjectives?

Answer 21

See picture.

Note: to be used as an adjective, the are used attributively, but the word order needs to be in a predicative position (with the ‘to be’ verb omitted). Ie, either before the article, or immediately after the noun.

Question 22

I (1st person nominative singular pronoun)

Answer 22

ἐγω

This is where the word ‘ego’ comes from

Question 23

Me (1st person accusative singular pronoun)

Answer 23

ἐμε or με

This is where we get the word ‘me’ from

Question 24

of me, mine (1st person genitive singular pronoun)

Answer 24

ἐμου or μου

Question 25

to/for me (1st person dative singular pronoun)

Answer 25

ἐμοι or μοι

Question 26

We (1st person nominative plural pronoun)

Answer 26

ἡμεις

Question 27

Us (1st person accusative plural pronoun)

Answer 27

ἡμας

Question 28

of us, our (1st person genitive plural pronoun)

Answer 28

ἡμων

Question 29

to/for us (1st person dative plural pronoun)

Answer 29

ἡμιν

Question 30

you (2nd person nominative singular pronoun)

Answer 30

συ

Question 31

you (2nd person accusative singular pronoun)

Answer 31

σε

Question 32

of you, your (2nd person genitive singular pronoun)

Answer 32

σου

Question 33

to/for you (2nd person dative singular pronoun)

Answer 33

σοι

Question 34

you (2nd person nominative plural pronoun)

Answer 34

ὑμεις

Question 35

you (2nd person accusative plural pronoun)

Answer 35

ὑμας

Question 36

of you, your (2nd person genitive plural pronoun)

Answer 36

ὑμων

Question 37

to/for you (2nd person dative plural pronoun)

Answer 37

ὑμιν

Question 38

Verbs already contain their subject (eg, I/we, you, he/she/it/they). What role do 1st and 2nd person pronouns play in these situations?

Answer 38

No need for the pronouns. But they can be used in the nominative for emphasis.

Eg,

-I Paul tell you: ἐγω Παυλος λεγω ὑμιν

Question 39

What is the 1st person reflexive pronouns?

• singular: myself
• plural: ourselves

How do they decline?

Answer 39

Myself: ἐμαυτος (declines like αὐτος)

Ourselves: just use plural of ἑαυτος (and its declensions)

Question 40

What is the 2nd person reflexive pronoun?

• singular: yourself
• plural: yourselves

How do they decline?

Answer 40

Yourself (singular): σεαυτος (declines like αὐτος)

Yourselves (plural): just use plural of ἑαυτος (and its declensions)

Question 41

What are the possessive adjectives?

• my
• your (sing.)

How do they decline?

How are they used and how are they different to expressing possession using the genitive of other pronouns?

Answer 41

My: ἐμος

Your (sing.): σος

These decline like ἀγαθος.

Unlike the genitives of other pronouns, these are adjectives used in the attributive word order. Eg, ‘You are not of my sheep’: οὐκ εστε ἐκ των προβατων των ἐμων.

This is in contrast to expressing possession using the standard genitive of other pronouns. Eg, ‘My Lord and my God!’: ὁ κυριος μου και ὁ θεος μου

Note: ἐμος, σος, μου, ἡμων, σου, ὑμων all need the article.

Question 42

And I

What kind of word is this, and how do you know?

Answer 42

κἀγω (και + ἐγω)

This is called crasis and can occur with other words (eg, κἀκεινον for και ἐκεινον). The breathing on the vowel in the middle of the word highlights that crasis has taken place.

Question 43

What are the relative pronouns and how does it decline?

Answer 43

Question 44

Which relative pronouns are the same as the definite article? How can you tell them apart?

Answer 44

ὁ - relative pronoun (neuter nom/acc singular) & definite article (masc nom singular

ἡ - relatve pronoun (fem nom singular) & definite article( fem nom singular)

οἱ - relative pronoun (masc nom plural) & definite article (masc nom plural)

αἱ - relative pronoun (fem nom plural) & definite article (fem nom plural)

You can tell them apart by:

• context
• accent: relative pronoun will have accent; definite article almost never has an accent

Question 45

What determines the relative pronoun’s gender, number, and case?

Answer 45

The gender & number is determined by the antecedent

The case is determined by the it’s own sentence by its normal rules (eg, whether it is the object, governed by a preposition etc).

Eg, ‘That is the synagogue into which they are coming’ = ἐκεινη ἐστιν ἡ συναγωγη εἰς ἡν ἐρχονται

The antecedent is the feminine singular; ‘who’ is governed by εἰς and therefore must be accusative. Relative pronoun should be feminine, singular, accusative which is ἡν.

Question 46

What can happen to the antecedent in a complex sentence?

What is an exception to the relative pronoun taking the case of the clause it is in?

Answer 46

If the antecedent is part of αὐτος οὑτος ἐκεινος, sometimes the antecedent will be omitted and you can infer the antecedent from the relative clause.

Eg, The son makes alive those whom He wishes

ὁ υἱος οὑς θελει ζῳοποιει = ὁ υἱος ζῳοποιει αὐτους οὑς θελει

The relative pronoun is occasionally attracted into the case of its antecedent, rather than being in the case appropriate for its own sentence. For example “concerning the things which you wrote” should actually be:

περι αὐτων ἁ ἐγραψατε

but the relative pronoun takes the case of its antecedent (ἁ becomes ὡν) and the antecedent has been omitted (something which was already discussed above) to become:

περι ὡν ἐγραψατε

Question 47

τις

• what does it mean/how is it used?
• how does it decline?

Answer 47

It can have several meanings/used in several ways:

1. As an indefinite pronoun (meaning ‘someone’/’anyone’ if masc/fem, or ‘something’/’anything’ if neuter) or interrogative pronoun (meaning ‘who’ if masc/fem or ‘what’ if neuter). Eg,

• τινα θεωρεις; = ‘whom do you see?’
• ἐβλεψα τινα = ‘I saw someone’
• τις ἐρχεται; = ‘who is coming?’
• τις ἀκουει = ‘someone is listening’
• περι τινων λεγεις; = ‘Who/what are you speaking about?’

2. As an adjective: some, any, who, what. Must agree with their nouns to be used that way.

• τινα μισθον ἐχετε; = ‘what reward do you have?’
• τινες στρατιωται ἐρχονται = ‘some soliders are coming’

3. τι can also mean ‘why?’
   * τι λεγεις; = ‘why are you speaking?’ (or ‘what are you saying?’)

Its declension follows the 3rd declension: see attached image.

Question 48

How do you differentiate the indefinite & interrogative use of τις/τίς?

Answer 48

There are 3 ways:

1. Usually the context makes it very clear as there will be a question mark if it is for an interrogative use.
2. If it is in the indefinite use, it cannot be the first word (like a timid word), whereas if it is an interrogative use, it frequently is the first word of the sentence.
3. Usually if it is an interrogative (who/what?) use it has an accent on the first syllable eg, τίς. Usually if it is an indefinite (someone/anyone) use there is no accent τις, or the accent is on the second syllable.

Question 49

ὁστις

Answer 49

Combination of ὁς and τις

as per textbook, means: ‘who’

Declines like ‘τις’

As per Wiki, uses:

1. Indefinite relative pronoun: ‘whoever’, ‘whichever’; ‘anyone who’, ‘anything which’; ‘someone who’, ‘something which’
2. Indirect interrogative pronoun corresponding to direct interrogative τίς or τί: who, what, which. Replaces τίς/τί when someone repeats a question asked by another person. See attached image for example.

Question 50

No-one, nothing

How does it decline?

Answer 50

οὐδεις if used with clauses in the indicative (ie, where οὐ would be used)

μηδεις if used with clauses in other moods (ie, where μη would be used)

They decline according to εἱς in a 3-1-3 hybrid declension. By definition, it is singular only and there is no plural. See attached image.