Verbal Communication Flashcards
What is communication?
The essence of interaction, can be defined as the transfer of meaningful information
What is verbal communication?
Words and paralinguistic
Nonverbal communication is…
facial expressions, body language, gestures, signs and touches
What is locution?
words in a sequence
What is illocution?
Context
According to _______ we used language to…
Searle (1979) say how something is get someone to do something express feelings make a commitment accomplish things
What is paralanguage?
How you say something, counts as non-verbal communication.
What are the non-linguistic elements of speech?
volume, stress, pitch, speed, tone and pauses
Scherer (1974) found…
loud speech is associated with fear and slow speech is associated with boredom
Scherer et al., (2001) asked what…
German actors spoke meaningless sentences as if angry. Ps labeled each utterance, and accuracy was similar across 9 cultures
What influences communication style?
Brown and Fraser (1979), scene and participants
What are social markers?
Cues about who’s speaking
What is the Matched Guise Technique?
Investigates attitudes based on speech style
Who conducted a meta-analysis in (2012) and what did it find?
Fuertes et al.,
Standard accents were rated favourably in formal settings
78% enjoy what…
hearing a range of accents (BBC)
Ethnolinguistic Identity Theory (Giles et al., 2009) says…
language or speech style is one of the clearest markers of ethnic identity
What is ethnolinguistic vitality?
is an assessment of a groups strengths and weaknesses in demographics, institutional support and control factors
Which ethnolinguistic vitality is most likely to go through linguistic change?
Low linguistic vitality (go through language death)
What does Speech Accommodation Theory say?
we adapt our speech style to the context
What is convergence?
higher status speaker shifts downwards and a lower status speaker shifts upward
What is divergence?
lower status speaker shifts upwards, the higher status speaker remains
Who proposed Speech Accommodation Theory?
Giles (1984)
Who found small gender differences in speech?
Aries (1996)
Lakoff (1973) said…
women adopt a tentative speech style as they’re subordinate in society
Lakoff (1973) characterised women’s speech by;
expressions of uncertainty qualifiers hedges tag questions intensifiers
What are the criticisms of Lakoff?
Little empirical evidence
exaggerated the differences
powerless speech is used more by low status speakers
Who found small support for Lakoff?
Leaper and Robnett (2011)
