Non-verbal Communication Flashcards
What is non-verbal communication?
Body language
What are the uses of non-verbal communication?
share feelings regulate interactions express intimacy establish dominance achieve a goal
Who found women to be better at picking up on non-verbal cues?
Ickes, Gesn and Graham, 2000
What did Ekman’s (2003) universal emotions show?
each is associated with a distinct pattern of muscle activity and are universal
Who’s meta-analysis (2003) found emotions to be universal?
Elfenbein and Ambady (showed ingroup advantage)
What do display rules do?
govern the expression of emotion, particularly of negative emotions
How much time is spent looking at someone’s eyes? (gaze)
60% (although varies if we’re listening or speaking)
How much time is holding a mutual gaze?
30%
Who said that eye contact is the most important non-verbal communication channel?
Kleine (1986)
What is gaze used for?
signal turn taking in conversation
convey intimacy
assert dominance
persuade
How much time when listening is spent gazing?
75%
How much time when speaking is spent gazing?
41%
What did Kendon (1967) find when filming conversations?
speaker indicates their intention to stop by gazing
when indicating beginning speaking listener briefly looks at speaker and looks away as begin speaking
When do we gaze more?
persuading or ingratiating to convey dominance (Dovidio et al., 1988)
What were Dovidio’s (1988) findings on dominance?
Expert dominates spent more time gazing whilst speaking. When equal males dominate
When is eye contact a) persuasive and when is it b) not?
a) associated with bonding or attraction
b) associated with hostility and threat
Chen et al., (2013) found in study 1…
Ps spent more time looking at the speakers eyes when prior attitude was similar
Chen et al., (2013) found in study 2…
Ps more receptive to persuasion when told to focus on the speakers mouth compared to eyes
What did Kellerman et al., (1989) find when looking at intimacy?
Greater feelings of affection when gaze is mutual
What did Straaten et al., (2010) find when looking at intimacy?
Males gaze more at attractive people whereas females do not
What were Jones and Yarbrough’s (1985) five categories for gestures?
positive affect playful control ritualistic task-related (two more added, negative affect and aggressive touches)
What were the factors affecting the use of touch? (Gallace and Sencer, 2010)
Culture setting gender body part who's doing the touching
What did Whitcher and Fiser, (1979) find about touch?
Women find brief, professional touches more positive
Why do men touch women more than women touch men?
Higher status people touch others more, both genders respond positively (Argyle, 1981)
What did Heslin and Alper (1983) find about gender and touch?
Men are more likely to read sexual connotations
What did Hertenstein et al., (2006) find about gestures?
6 emotions can be reliably signalled and decoded
Tactile physicla affection is highly correlated with relationship satisfaction
Herz and Cahill, (1997)
Touch between couples…
lower blood pressure and release oxytocin in females
Gueguen (2010) found…
when touched by a female men were more likely to engage in conversation and offer assistance
What are Hall’s (1966) zones?
Intimate 0-0.5m
Personal 0.5-1.25m
Social 1.25-4m
Public 4-8m
What did Middlemist et al., (1976) find?
Closer you stand to someone at a urinal the longer it takes for them to pee pee
What are Scheflen’s (1965) nonverbal cues?
readiness cues
preening behaviours
positional cues
actions of invitation
Cary (1976) found conversation is only ever initiated after a women…
glances more than once
What are Hall’s (2010) five flirting styles?
traditional physical sincere playful polite
