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Advanced Social Psychology > Prejudice 1 > Flashcards

Prejudice 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an ingroup?

A

a group you belong to

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2
Q

What is an out group?

A

a group you do not belong to

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3
Q

What is intergroup bias?

A

a preference for an ingroup over an outgroup

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4
Q

What is prejudice?

A

a negative attitude or feeling towards members of a specific social out group (it’s affective)

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5
Q

What are stereotypes?

A

common characteristics assigned to members of a particular social group (cognitive)

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6
Q

What is discrimination?

A

a negative behaviour direct towards members of a social out group (behavioural)

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7
Q

What is old fashioned prejudice?

A

A blatant expression of negative attitudes and stereotypes on the basis of group membership

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8
Q

support for racial integration in school has increased from 32% in 1942 to….

A

90% in 1982

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9
Q

The percentage of candidates willing to vote for a black president…

A

has increased 44% in 25 years

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10
Q

What is ambivalent racism?

A

the cognitive dissonance of disliking an out group but believing in humanitarian virtues

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11
Q

Who worked on ambivalent racism?

A

Katz and Hass, 1988

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12
Q

What is aversive racism?

A

the negative emotions towards out group members are context dependent and are automatic or unconscious

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13
Q

Who worked on ambivalent racism?

A

Gaertner and Dovidio, 1985

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14
Q

What is hostile sexism?

A

Holding overtly hostile views towards a gender

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15
Q

What is benevolent sexism?

A

holding apparently positive views of a gender that are in fact prejudiced

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16
Q

What is ambivalent sexism? (Glick et al., 1997)

A

holding positive perceptions about women, providing they confine themselves to traditional roles

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17
Q

What did Glick et al., (1997) ask Ps find?

A

Ambivalent sexists thinking of women in non-traditional roles triggered negative feelings

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18
Q

When do gender and ethnic biases appear?

A

3-4 years, peaking at 6-8 years (Rutland, 2004)

19
Q

Who found national biases appear later into adolescence?

A

(Rutland, 1999)

20
Q

What measures are used for children in prejudice research?

A 
Preference tasks
trait assignment
structured interviews
behavioural observations
questionnaires (if they're simple
21
Q

Who performed the Doll Test?

A

Clark and Clark, 1947

22
Q

What happened in the Doll Test?

A

Identical dolls (bar skin colour) found ethnic bias peaks at 6-7 years old and declines during middle childhood

23
Q

What are the benefits of the Doll Test?

A

It’s easy to administer, quick, it’s comprehensible to young children and was common until 1970

24
Q

What are the limitations of the Doll Test?

A

Is it a measure of prejudice or in group bias?
choice isn’t necessarily negative
social desirability

25
Q

What were children asked to do in the PRAM study? (Williams et al., 1975)

A

assign positive and negative traits to one of two stimuli

26
Q

What does social reflection or socialisation theory say?

A

Children’s prejudices are a product of theirs octal context

27
Q

What’s the social learning approach say?

A

(Bandura, 1977) children learn attitudes by direct training or observing parents behaviour

28
Q

What’s wrong with SLT?

A

Mixed findings
empirical work doesn’t support the expected trajectory
children aren’t just templates

29
Q

What does Cognitive-Developmental Theory say? (Aboud, 1990)

A

Prejudice is information processing errors, children can’t process multiple classifications

30
Q

What evidence did Aboud (2001) find to support CDT?

A

prejudice peaks around 7-8 years and a decline after this

31
Q

What causes prejudice in adults?

A 
Authoritarian personalities (Adorno, 1950)
Social dominance theory (Pratto et al, 2006)
32
Q

What does the authoritarian personality theory say?

A

individuals are highly prejudiced due to defensive reaction to weakness and inferiority (discredited theory)

33
Q

What does social dominance theory say? Pratto et al., 2006

A

society is group-based hierarchies which are maintained through discrimination

34
Q

What are the individual differences in prejudice?

A

Some people have a social dominance orientation (SDO)

35
Q

What does SDO predict?

A

Sexism, nationalism and racism

36
Q

What are the limitations of SDO?

A

doesn’t account for situational factors (Turner and Reynolds, 2003)

37
Q

How did Pratto et al., (2006) counter Turner and Reynolds (2003) about SDO?

A

There tends to be higher social dominance scores among European Americans than among African Americans

38
Q

What is the terror management theory? (Greenberg et al., 1986)

A

A motivational theory of prejudice

39
Q

What does the terror management theory say? Greenberg et al., 1986

A

We have a survival instinct and awareness of own death and adopt a cultural worldview allowing us to make sense of life and transcend death. We’re motivated to protect this

40
Q

What is intergroup emotions theory? (Mackie et al., 2000)

A

an emotional cause of prejudice

41
Q

What does intergroup emotions theory say? Mackie et al., 2000

A

Building on SIT, we react emotionally when an out group affects our ingroup

42
Q

What happens in intergroup emotions theory?

A

cognitive appraisal
emotional response
behavioural reaction

43
Q

What are the strengths of IET?

A

it has real life applications

explains differing reactions dependent on group strength

44
Q

What are the weaknesses of IET?

A

there’s no full model
emotions may not work at a group level
it’s too simply

Advanced Social Psychology (7 decks)

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