Prejudice 1 Flashcards
What is an ingroup?
a group you belong to
What is an out group?
a group you do not belong to
What is intergroup bias?
a preference for an ingroup over an outgroup
What is prejudice?
a negative attitude or feeling towards members of a specific social out group (it’s affective)
What are stereotypes?
common characteristics assigned to members of a particular social group (cognitive)
What is discrimination?
a negative behaviour direct towards members of a social out group (behavioural)
What is old fashioned prejudice?
A blatant expression of negative attitudes and stereotypes on the basis of group membership
support for racial integration in school has increased from 32% in 1942 to….
90% in 1982
The percentage of candidates willing to vote for a black president…
has increased 44% in 25 years
What is ambivalent racism?
the cognitive dissonance of disliking an out group but believing in humanitarian virtues
Who worked on ambivalent racism?
Katz and Hass, 1988
What is aversive racism?
the negative emotions towards out group members are context dependent and are automatic or unconscious
Who worked on ambivalent racism?
Gaertner and Dovidio, 1985
What is hostile sexism?
Holding overtly hostile views towards a gender
What is benevolent sexism?
holding apparently positive views of a gender that are in fact prejudiced
What is ambivalent sexism? (Glick et al., 1997)
holding positive perceptions about women, providing they confine themselves to traditional roles
What did Glick et al., (1997) ask Ps find?
Ambivalent sexists thinking of women in non-traditional roles triggered negative feelings
When do gender and ethnic biases appear?
3-4 years, peaking at 6-8 years (Rutland, 2004)
Who found national biases appear later into adolescence?
(Rutland, 1999)
What measures are used for children in prejudice research?
Preference tasks trait assignment structured interviews behavioural observations questionnaires (if they're simple
Who performed the Doll Test?
Clark and Clark, 1947
What happened in the Doll Test?
Identical dolls (bar skin colour) found ethnic bias peaks at 6-7 years old and declines during middle childhood
What are the benefits of the Doll Test?
It’s easy to administer, quick, it’s comprehensible to young children and was common until 1970
What are the limitations of the Doll Test?
Is it a measure of prejudice or in group bias?
choice isn’t necessarily negative
social desirability
What were children asked to do in the PRAM study? (Williams et al., 1975)
assign positive and negative traits to one of two stimuli
What does social reflection or socialisation theory say?
Children’s prejudices are a product of theirs octal context
What’s the social learning approach say?
(Bandura, 1977) children learn attitudes by direct training or observing parents behaviour
What’s wrong with SLT?
Mixed findings
empirical work doesn’t support the expected trajectory
children aren’t just templates
What does Cognitive-Developmental Theory say? (Aboud, 1990)
Prejudice is information processing errors, children can’t process multiple classifications
What evidence did Aboud (2001) find to support CDT?
prejudice peaks around 7-8 years and a decline after this
What causes prejudice in adults?
Authoritarian personalities (Adorno, 1950) Social dominance theory (Pratto et al, 2006)
What does the authoritarian personality theory say?
individuals are highly prejudiced due to defensive reaction to weakness and inferiority (discredited theory)
What does social dominance theory say? Pratto et al., 2006
society is group-based hierarchies which are maintained through discrimination
What are the individual differences in prejudice?
Some people have a social dominance orientation (SDO)
What does SDO predict?
Sexism, nationalism and racism
What are the limitations of SDO?
doesn’t account for situational factors (Turner and Reynolds, 2003)
How did Pratto et al., (2006) counter Turner and Reynolds (2003) about SDO?
There tends to be higher social dominance scores among European Americans than among African Americans
What is the terror management theory? (Greenberg et al., 1986)
A motivational theory of prejudice
What does the terror management theory say? Greenberg et al., 1986
We have a survival instinct and awareness of own death and adopt a cultural worldview allowing us to make sense of life and transcend death. We’re motivated to protect this
What is intergroup emotions theory? (Mackie et al., 2000)
an emotional cause of prejudice
What does intergroup emotions theory say? Mackie et al., 2000
Building on SIT, we react emotionally when an out group affects our ingroup
What happens in intergroup emotions theory?
cognitive appraisal
emotional response
behavioural reaction
What are the strengths of IET?
it has real life applications
explains differing reactions dependent on group strength
What are the weaknesses of IET?
there’s no full model
emotions may not work at a group level
it’s too simply
