Prejudice 1

Question 1

What is an ingroup?

Answer 1

a group you belong to

Question 2

What is an out group?

Answer 2

a group you do not belong to

Question 3

What is intergroup bias?

Answer 3

a preference for an ingroup over an outgroup

Question 4

What is prejudice?

Answer 4

a negative attitude or feeling towards members of a specific social out group (it’s affective)

Question 5

What are stereotypes?

Answer 5

common characteristics assigned to members of a particular social group (cognitive)

Question 6

What is discrimination?

Answer 6

a negative behaviour direct towards members of a social out group (behavioural)

Question 7

What is old fashioned prejudice?

Answer 7

A blatant expression of negative attitudes and stereotypes on the basis of group membership

Question 8

support for racial integration in school has increased from 32% in 1942 to….

Answer 8

90% in 1982

Question 9

The percentage of candidates willing to vote for a black president…

Answer 9

has increased 44% in 25 years

Question 10

What is ambivalent racism?

Answer 10

the cognitive dissonance of disliking an out group but believing in humanitarian virtues

Question 11

Who worked on ambivalent racism?

Answer 11

Katz and Hass, 1988

Question 12

What is aversive racism?

Answer 12

the negative emotions towards out group members are context dependent and are automatic or unconscious

Question 13

Who worked on ambivalent racism?

Answer 13

Gaertner and Dovidio, 1985

Question 14

What is hostile sexism?

Answer 14

Holding overtly hostile views towards a gender

Question 15

What is benevolent sexism?

Answer 15

holding apparently positive views of a gender that are in fact prejudiced

Question 16

What is ambivalent sexism? (Glick et al., 1997)

Answer 16

holding positive perceptions about women, providing they confine themselves to traditional roles

Question 17

What did Glick et al., (1997) ask Ps find?

Answer 17

Ambivalent sexists thinking of women in non-traditional roles triggered negative feelings

Question 18

When do gender and ethnic biases appear?

Answer 18

3-4 years, peaking at 6-8 years (Rutland, 2004)

Question 19

Who found national biases appear later into adolescence?

Answer 19

(Rutland, 1999)

Question 20

What measures are used for children in prejudice research?

Answer 20

Preference tasks
trait assignment
structured interviews
behavioural observations
questionnaires (if they're simple

Question 21

Who performed the Doll Test?

Answer 21

Clark and Clark, 1947

Question 22

What happened in the Doll Test?

Answer 22

Identical dolls (bar skin colour) found ethnic bias peaks at 6-7 years old and declines during middle childhood

Question 23

What are the benefits of the Doll Test?

Answer 23

It’s easy to administer, quick, it’s comprehensible to young children and was common until 1970

Question 24

What are the limitations of the Doll Test?

Answer 24

Is it a measure of prejudice or in group bias?
choice isn’t necessarily negative
social desirability

Question 25

What were children asked to do in the PRAM study? (Williams et al., 1975)

Answer 25

assign positive and negative traits to one of two stimuli

Question 26

What does social reflection or socialisation theory say?

Answer 26

Children's prejudices are a product of theirs octal context

Question 27

What's the social learning approach say?

Answer 27

(Bandura, 1977) children learn attitudes by direct training or observing parents behaviour

Question 28

What's wrong with SLT?

Answer 28

Mixed findings empirical work doesn't support the expected trajectory children aren't just templates

Question 29

What does Cognitive-Developmental Theory say? (Aboud, 1990)

Answer 29

Prejudice is information processing errors, children can't process multiple classifications

Question 30

What evidence did Aboud (2001) find to support CDT?

Answer 30

prejudice peaks around 7-8 years and a decline after this

Question 31

What causes prejudice in adults?

Answer 31

``` Authoritarian personalities (Adorno, 1950) Social dominance theory (Pratto et al, 2006) ```

Question 32

What does the authoritarian personality theory say?

Answer 32

individuals are highly prejudiced due to defensive reaction to weakness and inferiority (discredited theory)

Question 33

What does social dominance theory say? Pratto et al., 2006

Answer 33

society is group-based hierarchies which are maintained through discrimination

Question 34

What are the individual differences in prejudice?

Answer 34

Some people have a social dominance orientation (SDO)

Question 35

What does SDO predict?

Answer 35

Sexism, nationalism and racism

Question 36

What are the limitations of SDO?

Answer 36

doesn't account for situational factors (Turner and Reynolds, 2003)

Question 37

How did Pratto et al., (2006) counter Turner and Reynolds (2003) about SDO?

Answer 37

There tends to be higher social dominance scores among European Americans than among African Americans

Question 38

What is the terror management theory? (Greenberg et al., 1986)

Answer 38

A motivational theory of prejudice

Question 39

What does the terror management theory say? Greenberg et al., 1986

Answer 39

We have a survival instinct and awareness of own death and adopt a cultural worldview allowing us to make sense of life and transcend death. We're motivated to protect this

Question 40

What is intergroup emotions theory? (Mackie et al., 2000)

Answer 40

an emotional cause of prejudice

Question 41

What does intergroup emotions theory say? Mackie et al., 2000

Answer 41

Building on SIT, we react emotionally when an out group affects our ingroup

Question 42

What happens in intergroup emotions theory?

Answer 42

cognitive appraisal emotional response behavioural reaction

Question 43

What are the strengths of IET?

Answer 43

it has real life applications | explains differing reactions dependent on group strength

Question 44

What are the weaknesses of IET?

Answer 44

there's no full model emotions may not work at a group level it's too simply