Ventilation, Perfusion, and Shock: Understanding Pathophysiology

Question 1

The process by which glucose and other nutrients are converted into energy is called what?

Answer 1

Metabolism

Question 2

Production of energy occurs in what part of the cell?

Answer 2

Mitochondria

Question 3

The movement of ions across the cell membrane is needed to accomplish repolarization. What cell structure is used to prepare for depolarization?

Answer 3

Sodium potassium pump

Question 4

What substances, when dissolved, separate into charged particles?

Answer 4

Electrolytes

Question 5

The basic nutrient of the cell and the building block for energy is what?

Answer 5

Glucose

Question 6

What type of metabolism occurs when energy is created with a balance of adequate oxygen and nutrients?

Answer 6

Aerobic

Question 7

Which system is responsible for the removal of bi-products of metabolism?

Answer 7

Respiratory

Question 8

What is the weakest part of the cell?

Answer 8

Membrane

Question 9

What is FiO2?

Answer 9

The concentration of oxygen in our inhaled air, which is referred to as the fraction of inspired oxygen.

Question 10

What is a patent airway?

Answer 10

A term used by EMS practitioners to indicate that the patient has a secured and opened airway necessary for life.

Question 11

What is the correct order of air flow from the nose to the alveoli in the lungs?

Answer 11

Nose, nasopharynx, pharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli

Question 12

Not all inspired air reaches the alveoli; 150 mL of air is stopped in the airway leading to the alveoli. What is this area called?

Answer 12

Dead air space

Question 13

The seat of respiratory control resides where?

Answer 13

Medulla oblongata

Question 14

Describe the chest’s mechanical functions.

Answer 14

The chest is a closed space with only one opening, the trachea, to inspire air; the diaphragm contracts down and the intercostal muscles expand the ribs, causing a negative pressure that fills the lungs with air.

Question 15

How many milliliters of air are moved during a typical breath?

Answer 15

500 mL

Question 16

To exhale, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax to contract the chest, which creates a positive pressure. What type of process is this?

Answer 16

Passive

Question 17

The potential space between the lung and chest wall is called what?

Answer 17

Pleural space

Question 18

The disruption of lung tissue by mechanical forces or medical problems can upset the exchange of gas across the alveoli, a process called what?

Answer 18

Diffusion

Question 19

The net result of respiratory challenges is low oxygen, also called what within the body?

Answer 19

Hypoxia

Question 20

What do chemoreceptors found in the body and vascular system measure?

Answer 20

Low oxygen and high carbon dioxide

Question 21

In the normal drive to breathe, chemoreceptors are stimulated by what?

Answer 21

High carbon dioxide

Question 22

Carbon dioxide is transported back to the lungs in two ways: via the red blood cells and what other way?

Answer 22

Plasma

Question 23

What type of blood (oxygenated or deoxygenated) returns to the right side of the heart?

Answer 23

Deoxygenated

Question 24

Describe the path by blood vessel type that blood takes as it leaves the heart and then returns.

Answer 24

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

Question 25

Certain blood vessels that contain specialized sensors that detect the level of internal pressure and transmit messages to the nervous system, which then triggers the smooth muscle in the vessel walls to make any needed size adjustments, are called what?

Answer 25

Stretch receptors

Question 26

What is the name of the “fight or flight” response that stimulates blood vessels to constrict and prepares the body for fighting or running?

Answer 26

Sympathetic

Question 27

Injuries to the brain and spinal cord, sepsis, and severe allergic reactions can cause what similar cardiovascular problem?

Answer 27

Loss of tone

Question 28

What percent water is the human body made up of?

Answer 28

60 % water

Question 29

When the body’s water moves from the bloodstream into the interstitial space, it is called what?

Answer 29

Edema

Question 30

When a person has an exaggerated response to a body invader, the person is said to have what?

Answer 30

Hypersensitivity