Ventilation, Perfusion, and Shock: Understanding Pathophysiology Flashcards
The process by which glucose and other nutrients are converted into energy is called what?
Metabolism
Production of energy occurs in what part of the cell?
Mitochondria
The movement of ions across the cell membrane is needed to accomplish repolarization. What cell structure is used to prepare for depolarization?
Sodium potassium pump
What substances, when dissolved, separate into charged particles?
Electrolytes
The basic nutrient of the cell and the building block for energy is what?
Glucose
What type of metabolism occurs when energy is created with a balance of adequate oxygen and nutrients?
Aerobic
Which system is responsible for the removal of bi-products of metabolism?
Respiratory
What is the weakest part of the cell?
Membrane
What is FiO2?
The concentration of oxygen in our inhaled air, which is referred to as the fraction of inspired oxygen.
What is a patent airway?
A term used by EMS practitioners to indicate that the patient has a secured and opened airway necessary for life.
What is the correct order of air flow from the nose to the alveoli in the lungs?
Nose, nasopharynx, pharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli
Not all inspired air reaches the alveoli; 150 mL of air is stopped in the airway leading to the alveoli. What is this area called?
Dead air space
The seat of respiratory control resides where?
Medulla oblongata
Describe the chest’s mechanical functions.
The chest is a closed space with only one opening, the trachea, to inspire air; the diaphragm contracts down and the intercostal muscles expand the ribs, causing a negative pressure that fills the lungs with air.
How many milliliters of air are moved during a typical breath?
500 mL
To exhale, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax to contract the chest, which creates a positive pressure. What type of process is this?
Passive
The potential space between the lung and chest wall is called what?
Pleural space
The disruption of lung tissue by mechanical forces or medical problems can upset the exchange of gas across the alveoli, a process called what?
Diffusion
The net result of respiratory challenges is low oxygen, also called what within the body?
Hypoxia
What do chemoreceptors found in the body and vascular system measure?
Low oxygen and high carbon dioxide
In the normal drive to breathe, chemoreceptors are stimulated by what?
High carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is transported back to the lungs in two ways: via the red blood cells and what other way?
Plasma
What type of blood (oxygenated or deoxygenated) returns to the right side of the heart?
Deoxygenated
Describe the path by blood vessel type that blood takes as it leaves the heart and then returns.
Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
Certain blood vessels that contain specialized sensors that detect the level of internal pressure and transmit messages to the nervous system, which then triggers the smooth muscle in the vessel walls to make any needed size adjustments, are called what?
Stretch receptors
What is the name of the “fight or flight” response that stimulates blood vessels to constrict and prepares the body for fighting or running?
Sympathetic
Injuries to the brain and spinal cord, sepsis, and severe allergic reactions can cause what similar cardiovascular problem?
Loss of tone
What percent water is the human body made up of?
60 % water
When the body’s water moves from the bloodstream into the interstitial space, it is called what?
Edema
When a person has an exaggerated response to a body invader, the person is said to have what?
Hypersensitivity
