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First Year > Ventilation Mechanics > Flashcards

Ventilation Mechanics Flashcards

1
Q

ventilation

A

movement of air in and out of the lungs

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2
Q

respiration

A

exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) at the tissue, b/w tissue and blood, and b/w blood and lung

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3
Q

aerobic tissue respiration

A

refers to O2 utilization and CO2 production by metabolizing tissues with an ATP endproduct

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4
Q

respiratory quotient (RQ)

A

volume of CO2 released/volume of CO2 consumed

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5
Q

anaerobic tissue respiration

A

refers to the production of ATP w/o utilization of oxygen; only few ATP and lots of endproduct

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6
Q

how is CO2 produced in anaerobic respiration?

A

due to lactic acid production which breaks down into CO2 and water:
carbohydrates → lactic acid (La:H) → La- + H+ H+ + HCO3- ←→ H2CO3 ←→ H2O + CO2

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7
Q

partial pressure

A

the pressure of each gas in a mixture

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8
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

PV = k, where pressure and volume are inversely proportional; differences in air pressure drives movement of air into and out of lungs

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9
Q

quiet inspiration

A

downward movement of diaphragm (1-2cm) + contraction of external ICs = increased thoracic capacity and decreased pressure

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10
Q

forced inspiration

A

downward movement of diaphragm (8-10cm) + contraction of external ICs + accessory muscles = increased thoracic capacity and decreased pressure

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11
Q

quiet expiration

A

elastic recoil of lungs and relaxation of musculature

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12
Q

forced exhalation

A

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles contract and increase lung pressure to expel air

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13
Q

what force allows the lungs to move with the thoracic wall and diaphragm?

A

hydrostatic force (created by the pleural fluid)

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14
Q

spirometry

A

a measurement of breathing (or lung volumes) with a spirometer

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15
Q

spirometer

A

instrument used to measure breathing that consists of a dome that has been turned upside down and is floating in a water tank; the dome will rise when person breathes into tube and drops when person inhales

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16
Q

tidal volume (TV)

A

amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions (~0.5L)

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17
Q

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

excess air breathed in w/ accessory muscle recruitment

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18
Q

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

the volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation w/ use of accessory muscles

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19
Q

vital capacity (VC)

A

the max. amount of air that can be moved in and out of lungs, measured during forceful breathing (TV + IRV + ERV)

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20
Q

residual volume (RV)

A

amount of air remaining in the lungs to prevent alveoli collapse

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21
Q

total lung capacity (TLC)

A

maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort (VC + RV)

22
Q

functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

volume of air lungs naturally obtain when no muscles of respiration are engaged (end of quiet expiration; inward elastic recoil of lung = outward recoil of thoracic cage)

23
Q

minute ventilation

A

tidal volume x respiratory rate

24
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

rate of fresh air moving in and out of alveoli; equal to respiratory rate x (VT - dead space)

25
Q

dead space

A

the volume of air occupying the non-respiratory segments of the airways (e.g. nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles) and does not participate in gas exchange

26
Q

what are the impedances to ventilation?

A

elastance and resistance

27
Q

elastance

A

a measure of the stiffness of the lungs

28
Q

low elastance indicates:

A

compliance, such as in emphysema (compliance = 1/elastance)

29
Q

high elastance indicates:

A

stiffness, such as in fibrosis and low surfactant

30
Q

elastic tissues of the lung are:

A

highly compliant

31
Q

surface tension of water and compliance

A

has low compliance compared to lung elastic tissue; water lining alveoli decreases lung compliance (increases elastance)

32
Q

what is the effect of surfactant on compliance?

A

it reduces the surface tension of water and therefore the effort needed to breathe (prod. continually after 27-28 weeks of gestation)

33
Q

resistance

A

related to the pressure needed to maintain air flow and can be likened to “drag” (pressure difference on both ends of a tube); rate of flow = change in pressure; equation is ∝ 1 / r^4

34
Q

what happens ti lungs with high resistance?

A

obstruction, such as in asthma and COPD

35
Q

which factor has the biggest influence on resistance?

A

airway diameter (caliber)

36
Q

ventilation and pleural pressure

A

changes in lung vol. occur when the muscles of ventilation move the chest wall and prod. changes in pleural pressure (the lungs are recruited)

37
Q

intrapulmonary pressure

A

pressure within the alveoli

38
Q

pleural pressure

A

pressure in the pleural cavity

39
Q

positive ventilation

A

the lungs are inflated by increasing pressure inside the alveoli (similar to mechanical ventilation)

40
Q

normal ventilation

A

lungs are expanded by reducing pressure surrounding lungs to sub-atmospheric pressure (-ve pressure)

41
Q

what affects pleural pressure?

A

pneumothorax or excess fluid accum.

42
Q

pleural pressure

A

always negative during quiet breathing due to competition between elastic recoil of lung and rib cage (expand), more negative during inspiration (i.e. fluctuates during breathing cycle)

43
Q

what is the intrapulmonary pressure during inspiration?

A

negative (less pressure)

44
Q

what is the intrapulmonary pressure during expiration?

A

positive (more pressure)

45
Q

what happens when the intrapulmonary pressure is the same as the atmosphere?

A

there is no airflow

46
Q

before inspiration

A
  • no breathing; resp. muscles are relaxed
  • lung volume is functional residual capacity
  • equally matched forces between lung elastic recoil and thoracic cage elastance to result in a negative pleural pressure
47
Q

during inspiration

A
  • muscles of respiration expand thoracic cage
  • outward forces are greater than inner forces resulting in a more negative plural pressure
  • (muscle forces + thoracic cage elastance > recoil)
48
Q

end of inspiration

A
  • inspiratory muscles active, holding lung at fixed volume
  • increased lung elastic recoil due to stretching, thoracic cage elastance + muscle forces tends to make chest wall expand
  • forces equally matched to result in even more -ve pleural pressure (forces pull on pleural space)
  • intrapulm. pressure is zero = no airflow
49
Q

during expiration

A
  • inspiratory muscles inactive (allows passive recoil of lung for expiration)
  • lung elastic recoil is increased and is larger than thoracic wall elastance (causing lungs’ volume to decrease)
  • outward forces are less than inward forces and intrapulm pressure becomes less -ve
50
Q

pleural pressure at rest

A

it fluctuates during the breathing cycle but is almost always atmospheric (negative; during inspiration)

First Year (18 decks)

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