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First Year > Resp Anatomy > Flashcards

Resp Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the structures of the respiratory system?

A

upper and lower airways, lungs and pleura, thoracic cage, muscles of respiration

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2
Q

skeletal structure of the thorax

A

12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs and costa, sternum (manubrium, body, xyphoid)

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3
Q

what are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

perform gas exchange, regulate blood pH, provide for olfaction, provide for phonation

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4
Q

features of the ribs

A

facets and costal grooves

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5
Q

facets

A

for articulation with the vertebrae (synovial)

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6
Q

costal groove

A

location of intercostal VAN (neurovascular bundle)

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7
Q

muscles of inhalation

A

accessory: sternocleidomastoid and scalenes
principal: external intercostals and diaphragm

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8
Q

muscles of exhalation (active)

A

internal intercostals, internal/external obliques, transverse and rectus abdominis

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9
Q

what do the muscles of inhalation do?

A

elevate ribs, lower the diaphragm, enlarge the thorax, AP and SI dimensions

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10
Q

what do the muscles of exhalation do?

A

depress ribs, compress abdomen, elevate diaphragm, compress thorax

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11
Q

what are all skeletal muscles controlled by?

A

somatic neurons

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12
Q

exhalation

A

is passive; lets lungs recoil to push air back out (energy efficient), active breathing recruits internal intercostals, obliques and abdominals; when flexed compresses viscera and sends them up against diaphragm to help expel air

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13
Q

intercostal VAN

A

vein, artery, (thoracic spinal) nerve at each intercostal space

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14
Q

intercostal VAN features

A

internal and external intercostal muscles only exist b/w the ribs in the intercostal spaces, inner most intercostals are splayed against the entire thing

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15
Q

lung aspiration

A

lung compression and collapsing can occur w/ fluid, air, pus, etc, accumulation in the pleural cavity, can be aspirated w/ a syringe (need to be careful due to intercostal VAN
best approach: aim for top of a rib (furthest from intercostal VAN)

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16
Q

blood supply of the thoracic cage (arteries)

A
  • subclavian arteries supply thoracic cage
  • descending thoracic aorta supplies the back
  • blood going through the thoracic cage comes from the front and back; arteries run through intercostal spaces and create anastomoses
  • intercostal arteries run in the intercostal groove underneath the ribs
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17
Q

venous drainage of the thoracic cage

A
  • from back -> SVC
  • from front -> brachiocephalic and subclavian veins -> SVC
  • internal thoracic vein out front + intercostal veins drain into azygos vein out back (right side) and hemi-azygos (left side) -> end up in SVC
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18
Q

what nerve innervates the diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerve

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19
Q

diaphragm features

A

composed of skeletal muscle, attaches to the inferior aspects of the ribcage and acts upon a central tendon, separates the pleural from peritoneal cavity; many structures must pass through the diaphragm

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20
Q

openings in diaphragm

A

aortic hiatus, esophageal hiatus, caval opening

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21
Q

upper respiratory system

A

consists of channels through the bony parts of the skull; nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx

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22
Q

what are the 3 regions of pharynx?

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

23
Q

what do the upper airways consist of?

A

nose, nasal cavity, sinuses (front, ethmoid, maxillary, sphenoid)

24
Q

what is the transition zone zone between upper and lower airways?

A

the larynx

25
Q

what is the purpose of vibrissae?

A

present in the nose and trap big particulate matter

26
Q

where does air travel through in the upper respiratory system?

A

across the moist mucous membrane through conchi/ turbinate bones

27
Q

nasal cavity

A

covered by a mucous membrane, filters, warms and humidifies the air, protecting the lower respiratory

28
Q

the oral cavity contains which type of tissue?

A

stratified squamous epithelium, b/c it is subjected to many abrasive forces (food)

29
Q

epiglottis

A

protects the trachea, expulsive manoeuvres (cough, sneeze, micturition, labour & delivery), structural support

30
Q

what do the lower airways consist of?

A

trachia, bronchi, bronchopulmonary segments, bronchioles, lobules, alveolus

31
Q

trachea

A

has C shaped cartilage, posterior has smooth muscle, bifurcates into primary bronchi, pseudostratified columnar epithelium (mucociliary apparatus), carina (internal ridge at bronchial junction)

32
Q

primary bronchi

A

enter each lung at the hilus and then divide into secondary bronchi

  • right primary: shorter, wider, more vertical
  • left primary: longer, more angled
33
Q

secondary (lobar) bronchi

A

3 in right lung, 2 in left lung; supported by plates of cartilage

34
Q

what would happen if you aspirated food into the lungs?

A

it would end up in the path of least resistance (right primary bronchus)

35
Q

lobes and fissures of the left lung

A

2 lobes - superior and inferior, oblique fissure; has a cardiac notch (superior; accomodates the heart) and lingula

36
Q

lobes and fissures of the right lung

A

3 lobes - superior, middle, inferior, horizontal and oblique fissures

37
Q

secondary bronchi continue dividing to create:

A

tertiary (segmental) bronchi, there are 10 in the right lung and 8 in the left; cartilage rings replaced by cartilage plates

38
Q

bronchopulmonary segment

A

the area supplied by tertiary bronchi; functionally and anatomically indepent

  • have own elastic tiss. covering
  • own blood, lymphatic and nerve supply
39
Q

tertiary bronchi divide into:

A

bronchioles

40
Q

tertiary bronchus features

A

eventually cartilage is replaced by smooth muscle only, smooth muscle bands are regulated by the ANS

41
Q

tertiary bronchioles branch up to 14x to make

A

terminal bronchioles

42
Q

each terminal bronchiole forms a

A

lobule

43
Q

what is each lobule composed of?

A

terminal bronchioles, arteriole, venule, lymphatic vessel - all wrapped in elastic CT

44
Q

what are respiratory bronchioles connected to?

A

connect to alveolar sacs by alveolar ducts

45
Q

what do the bronchial arteries supply?

A

conducting regions

46
Q

what do the pulmonary arteries supply?

A

supply the gas exchange regions (lobules)

47
Q

what are the functions of the airways?

A

tructural support, air conditioning, protection, gas exchange (towards alveoli)

48
Q

alveolus

A

tiny air sac at the end of a bronchiole in the lungs that provides surface area for gas exchange to occur

49
Q

what are the types of alveolar cells

A

type 1 and type 2

50
Q

type 1 alveolar cells

A

continuous lining wall; primary site of gas exchange

51
Q

type 2 alveolar cells

A

secrete alveolar fluid and surfactant; surfactant reduces the surface tension of alveolar fluid, elastic fibers also help to keep alveoli open

52
Q

gas exchange membrane consists of:

A

type I pneumocyte, basement membrane, pulmonary capillary endothelial cell

53
Q

why is the gas exchange membrane very thin?

A

to allow for gas exchange

First Year (18 decks)

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