N1G03- PBL EXAM REVIEW Flashcards
Health Education
teaching about different issues. E.g. risk factors for heart disease
Health Promotion
the science and art of helping people change their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal health, the process of advocating health in order to enhance that personal, private and public support of positive health practices will become a societal norm
Readiness to Learn
the time when the learner is receptive to learning and is willing and able to participate in the learning process; preparedness or willingness to learn
Andragogy
the art and science of helping adults learn; a term coined by Knowles to describe his theory of adult learning
Domains of Learning
cognitive, psychomotor, and affective are the three domains in which learning occurs
Learning Styles
the manner by which (how) individuals perceive and then process information. Certain characteristics of style are biological in origin, whereas others are sociologically developed as a result of environmental influences.
Teaching Process
one component of the educational process; a deliberate, intentional act of communicating information to the learner in response to identified learning needs, with the objective of productive learning to achieve desired behavioural outcomes.
Strategies of health promotion
active and passive
Strategies of health promotion: Active
individual becoming personally involved in adopting proposed program
Ex. Daily exercise, adopting stress management program
Strategies of health promotion: Passive
individual as inactive participant or recipient
o Ex. Public health efforts to maintain clean water to decrease infections
Trans theoretical model
- stages of change: ready to change
- decisional balance: : benefits to and detractors from changing a behaviour
- self efficacy: personal confidence in making a change
- processess of change: cognitive, affective, behavioural activities facilitating change
Stages of change
1) Pre-contemplation: not considering change
2) Contemplative: aware of but not considering change
3) Preparation Action: planning to act soon
4) Action: has begun to make behavioural change (recent)
5) Maintenance: continued commitment to behaviour (long-term)
6) Relapse: reverted to old behaviour
Habits
oTransmitted from parent to child and social groups
oEating, resting, exercising, handling anxieties
Health Goals
inculcate sense of responsibility for avoiding injury to the health of others, understand important use of health services
Types of prevention
primary, secondary, tertiary,
Primary prevention
protecting people from injury and disease, interventions that emphasize shielding or defending the body from specific injuries or diseases e.g. immunizations and reducing exposure to hazards
Secondary prevention
providing screening activities and treating early stages of diseases to limit disability by averting or delaying consequences of advanced disease
Tertiary prevention
occurs when a defect or disability is permanent and irreversible, involves minimizing effects of disease by surveillance and maintenance activities aimed at preventing complications
Patient education
the goal is to assist individuals, families, or communities in achieving optimal health
Three main goals of patient education
- Maintaining and promoting health and preventing illness
- Restoring health
- Optimizing quality of life with impaired functioning
Roles as nurses
- CAN code of ethics indicates that patients have rights to make informed decisions about their care
- Decisions must be accurate, complete and relevant to their needs
Types of learning
- cognitive
- affective
- psychomotor
Cognitive learning
all intellectual behaviours and requires thinking (remembering, understanding)
Affective learning
expressions of feelings and accepting of attitudes, opinions, values (receiving, responding)
Psychomotor learning
acquiring skills that require integration of mental and muscular activity
Ability to learn capability
emotion, intellectual and physical
Emotion capability
emotion can aid or prevent learning
Intellectual capability
patients knowledge and intellectual level
physical capability
strength, coordination and sensory ability
Learning in children
as a child matures, intellectual growth progresses from concrete to abstract
Learning in adults
many are independent, self-directed, learn more successfully when encouraged to use past experiences
Teaching approaches
telling, selling, participating, entrusting, reinforcing
Telling
useful when limited information must be taught (outline task to be done)
selling
two-way communication (pace instruction according to patient’s response)
participating
setting objectives and becoming involved in learning process (patient decides content, nurse guides)
entrusting
provides patient with opportunity to manage self-care (observe progress and remain available)
reinforcing
use of stimulus that increases probability of a response (people respond better to positive reinforcement)
Teaching methods
- one on one discussion
- group instruction
- preparatory instruction
- demonstration
- analogies
- simulations
One on one discussion
provide opportunity to ask questions or share concerns
group instruction
teach several patients at once
preparatory instruction
provide information about procedure
demonstration
help teach psychomotor skills
analogies
teacher translates complex language
simulations
help teach problem solving, application
Learning goals
goals are desired outcomes of learning that are realistically achievable in a set time frame
objective
statement of specific behaviour/performance
concept class: PICO
P – population
I – intervention
C – compared to
O – outcome
4s model
o Studies: at foundation
o Syntheses: systemic reviews
o Synapses: brief descriptions of original articles and reviews
o Systems: link individual patient characteristics to permanent evidence
5S Model
- Systems: computerized decisions support
- Summaries: evidence-based textbooks
- Synopses: evidence-based journal abstracts
- Syntheses: systematic reviews
- Studies: original journal articles
Caveat emptor
- At each level, standards for evidence generation, retrieval, selection and analysis should be explicit and at highest evidence standard possible
- Systems - guidelines should be based on systematic reviews
- Summaries - details of retrieval process, key references
- Synopses - defined procedures for retrieving original and review articles
Limitations in the model
- The higher you go up pyramid, the scarcer the resources
- Number of evidence based summary publications is growing except number of disease conditions
- Processing information takes time
6S MODEL
- Systems: computerized decision support systems
- Summaries: evidence based clinical practice guidelines, textbooks
- Synopses of Syntheses: DARE, evidence based abstraction journals
- Syntheses: systematic reviews
- Synopses of Studies= evidence based abstraction journals
Studies
original articles published in journals
Tuckermans group developmental stages
- forming
- storming
- norming
- performing
- adjouring
forming
the group development phase in which member and group goals are explored and interpersonal relationships are tested
- Primary tension- social unease and stiffness
storming
the group and developmental stage in which members compete with one another to determine individual status and to establish group goals
- Secondary tension- frustrations and personality conflicts as the compete for acceptance and achievement within the group
- members compete for status and openly disagree
norming
the group development stage in which members resolve conflicts and work as a cohesive team to develop methods for achieving the group’s goal
performing
the group developmental stage in which group members focus their energy on doing the work needed to achieve group goals
- members assume appropriate roles and work productively
- Members are fully engaged and eager to work
adjouring
the group development phase in which a group has achieved its common goal and begins to disengage or disband
- members disengage and relinquish responsibilities
group norms
rules and expectations established by a group deciding on what is and isn’t acceptable (behaviours and opinions)
explicit norms
written or stated verbally
Implicit Norm
rarely discussed or openly communicated
Group Task Roles
a positive role that affects a group’s ability to do the work needed to achieve its role
Group Maintenance Role
a positive role that affects how group members get along with one another while pursuing a common goal
Self-Centered Roles
a negative role in which individual needs are put ahead of the group’s goal and other members’ needs
Leadership
the ability to make strategic decisions and use communication to mobilize a group towards achieving a common goal
Member Readiness
the extent to which a member is willing and able to contribute to achieving the group’s goal
New comers phases
- anteocedent
- anticipatory
- encounter
- assimilation
- exit phase