CV Development-02 Flashcards

1
Q

fetal circulatory system

A

many modifications to CV circuit because the lungs are not yet developed nor many other organs for waste extraction

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2
Q

what are the 3 shunts in the fetal circulation?

A

ductus arteriosus, ductus venosus, foramen ovale

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3
Q

what type of circuit is the fetal circulation?

A

2 open circuits operating in parallel

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4
Q

what type of circuit is the adult circulation?

A

2 closed circuits arranged in series

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5
Q

where is pressure greater in fetal circulation?

A

right side

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6
Q

where is pressure greater in adult/postnatal circulation?

A

left side

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7
Q

postnatal circulatory system

A

pulmonary circuit on right side returning deoxygenated blood to lungs and systemic circuit delivering oxygenated blood to the tissues

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8
Q

what is the purpose of shunts in fetal circulation?

A

so that oxygenated blood from the placenta can quickly reach/bypass to the fetus’ systemic circuit quickly to feed tissues

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9
Q

umbilical vein

A

delivers oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus

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10
Q

ductus venosus

A

connects the umbilical vein to the IVC, bypassing the liver

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11
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

diverts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta

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12
Q

foramen ovale

A

connects the two atria in the fetal heart, diverting blood from the RA to the LA

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13
Q

left and right umbilical arteries

A

from systemic circuit; located next to the urinary bladder, go up through umbilicus and wrap around umbilical vein to send deoxygenated blood away from fetus

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14
Q

what does the foramen ovale become?

A

fossa ovalis

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15
Q

what does the ductus arteriosus become?

A

ligamentum arteriosum

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16
Q

what does the ductus venosus become?

A

ligamentum venosum

17
Q

what do the umbilical arteries become?

A

medial umbilical ligaments

18
Q

what does the umbilical vein become after closure?

A

ligamentum teres

19
Q

tubular heart development

A
  1. two tubular hearts fuse together 2. bulges/sacculations 3. saccular tube elongates (heart prominence) 4. valves form 5. two sides of tube come together and start eating away walls to create chambers and set up valves
20
Q

what important structure does the truncus arteriosus become?

A

pulmonary trunk and aorta

21
Q

what important structure does the bulbus cordis become?

A

right ventricle

22
Q

what important structure does the ventricle become?

A

the left ventricle

23
Q

what important structure does the atrium become?

A

mostly the LA and parts of the RA, right and left auricles

24
Q

what important structure does the sinus venosus become?

A

much of the RA, SA node, coronary sinus

25
Q

division of the truncus arteriosus

A

lateral ridges of the TA form the aorticopulmonary septum and it will spiral 180º when completely formed

26
Q

where do the SL valves form?

A

at the base of the truncus arteriosus

27
Q

persistent truncus

A

aorticopulmonary septum fails to form, mixed blood from L and R ventricles creating issues w/ ability to oxygenate blood and deliver this blood to the body (similar to 3 chambered hearts)

28
Q

transposition of the great vessels

A

aorticopulmonary septum forms, but fails to spiral 180º; this condition is fatal unless the following are also present: PDA, ASD, VSD

29
Q

valve stenosis

A

due to unequal partitioning, a result of deviation of the aorticopulmonary septum (one sided expanded, one side stenosed)

30
Q

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

A

ductus arteriosus remains open, can lead to volume overload in the pulmonary circuit, increased pulmonary blood flow may cause pulmonary edema – treated by surgically stitching

31
Q

atrial septal defect (ASD)

A

foramen oval fail to close

32
Q

formation of interatrial septum

A
2 phases: wall forms first, second wall forms behind it to form opening and flap;
septum primum (1st wall), foramen primum (1st hole), foramen secondum (2nd hole), septum secundum (2nd wall)
33
Q

septum primum (1st wall)

A

begins at top of left and right atrium and grows toward center of heart

34
Q

foramen primum (1st hole)

A

keeps developing down heart, once it starts reaching the center of the heart, upper portion of wall starts developing holes - foramen secundum (2nd hole)

35
Q

septum secundum (2nd wall)

A

forms in behind 1st wall, does not form completely and also has hole; 1st wall forms flap over 2nd wall’s hole (foramen ovale) called valve of foramen ovale

36
Q

what are 2 major vascular changes after birth?

A
  1. increased systemic resistance w/ loss of placenta

2. decreased pulm. vascular resistance w breathing

37
Q

formation of interventricular septum

A
  1. wall begins forming at apex 2. grows toward fibrous skeleton; first part is true IV septum, final segment is membranous portion
38
Q

formation of AV valves

A

form from stem cells found within bulges called cushions/swellings found around fibrous skeleton, 3 cushions for tricuspid valve and 2 for bicuspid

39
Q

tetralogy of Fallot

A

pulmonary valve stenosis, overriding aorta, VSD, RV hypertrophy