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First Year > Innate Immunity -07 > Flashcards

Innate Immunity -07 Flashcards

1
Q

immunity

A

the ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells; the immune system is principally concerned w/ the maintenance of homeostasis

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2
Q

Immunology

A

study of the immune system

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3
Q

what does the immune system protect us against?

A

pathogens, tumours, toxins, prions, allergens

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4
Q

what are the types of pathogens?

A

bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites

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5
Q

vaccination

A

introducing all or subunits of an “attenuated” or “inactivated” pathogen; cheapest way to reduce disease

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6
Q

what are the 3 levels of immunity?

A

intrinsic barriers, innate immunity (resident and induced defenses), adaptive immunity

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7
Q

intrinsic barriers

A

pre-formed barriers to prevent invasion; mechanical, chemical, physiological and microbiological

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8
Q

resident and induced defenses

A

complement, phagocytes, inflammation

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9
Q

complement defense

A

exist as precursor proteins throughout the body that get cleaved for activation; activated by anti-body-pathogen-binding/mannose-binding lectin/pathogens themselves and cause opsonization, membrane attack complex formation and inflammation

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10
Q

opsonization

A

an immune response in which the binding of antibodies to the surface of a microbe facilitates phagocytosis of the the microbe by a macrophage (“tagging”)

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11
Q

membrane attack complex (MAC)

A

molecular complex consisting of a set of complement proteins that forms a pore in the membrane of bacterial and transplanted cells, causing the cells to die by lysis

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12
Q

what are the types of phagocytes?

A

macrophages (resident in tissue), dendritic cells (resident in tissue), neutrophils

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13
Q

what are the phases in phagocytosis?

A

chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing/elimination

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14
Q

how is inflammation initiated?

A

PRRs such as toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) expressed by microbes

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15
Q

what is the primary goal of inflammation?

A

to move the required components from the blood stream to the site of tissue injury (may also recruit additional cells from bone marrow), and it also serves to remove the injurious agent, stim. and assist the immune system and promote tissue healing

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16
Q

what are the three events that occur in inflammation?

A

vasodilation + increased vascular permeability, migration of leukocytes, tissue repair (healing)

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17
Q

what are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

rubor (redness), calor (heat), tumor (swelling), dolor (pain) and funcio laesa (loss of function)

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18
Q

rubor (redness)

A

vasodilation and increased blood flow

19
Q

calor (heat)

A

more blood delivered and metabolically active immune cells that release heat

20
Q

tumor (swelling)

A

plasma leaked out into tissue

21
Q

dolor (pain)

A

tissue stretching detected by free nerve endings

22
Q

leukocytosis

A

increase in the number of WBCs

23
Q

where do blood cells originate?

A

bone marrow

24
Q

what is the primary lineage of most innate immune cells?

A

myeloid lineage (w/ exception of the NK cell - lymphoid lineage)

25
Q

what are the innate immune cells?

A

macrophages, neutrophils. dendritic cells, NK cells, granulocytes

26
Q

macrophages

A

“sentinel cells” that phagocytose bacteria and dead cells, produce cytokines establishing the inflammatory response; more are recruited to sites of injury/infection when needed - they are also long-lived

27
Q

neutrophils

A

found in very high quantities in the blood (60-70%), migrate to tissues during inflammation, are recruited by chemokines incl. IL-8, contain toxic granules that can kill invaders and MUST be regulated to prevent immunopathology - also short-lived and replenished by bone marrow

28
Q

dendritic cells

A

antigen-presenting cells in the skin (Langerhans cells) that also differentiate from monocytes; bridge the gap b/w innate and adaptive immunity by activating T and B cells in lymph nodes and the splee

29
Q

natural killer (NK) cells

A

kill virus infected cells w/ dangerous mutations by releasing cytotoxic granules (perforin, granzymes) causing cytolysis or undergo apoptosis

30
Q

what are the types of granulocytes?

A

mast cells, eosinophils, basophils

31
Q

mast cells

A

important in allergic rxns via histamine release, help battle parasite infection, implicated in allergies and found primarily in tissues

32
Q

eosinophils

A

parasite infection and protection of mucosal surfaces (GI tract, lungs, genital tract)

33
Q

basophils

A

also important in allergic reaction via histamine release, release heparin to reduce blood clotting and found primarily in blood

34
Q

what is the innate response to extracellular bacteria?

A

phagocytosis by macrophages, releasing cytokines and chemokines to attract more monocytes and neutrophils; occurs in positive feedback until pathogen is cleared

35
Q

what is the innate response to intracellular viruses?

A

infected cells produce anti-viral cytokines (interferons) and the following happens:

  1. temp. change (fever)
  2. decreased protein synthesis
  3. increased MHC expression
  4. recruitment of NK cells
  5. infected cells killed
    - phagocytes clean up released virus and dead cell material
36
Q

what happens if innate immunity fails?

A

the adaptive response will be activated

37
Q

TLR 1

A

Peptidoglycan

38
Q

TLR2

A

Peptidogylcan

39
Q

TLR 3

A

double stranded RNA

40
Q

TLR 4

A

LPS (NEG BACTERIA)

41
Q

TLR 5

A

FLAGELLIN

42
Q

TLR 9

A

Unmethylated CpG DNA

43
Q

Compliments are activated by

A

antibody pathogen binding
lectin mannose binding
pathogens themselves

First Year (18 decks)

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