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ANPH 1105 > Ventilation and Respiration > Flashcards

Ventilation and Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What physics law creates the changes in pressure in the lungs?

A

Boyle’s law where the pressure of a gas in an enclosed container is inversely proportional to the size of the container.

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2
Q

True or false: the intrapleural pressure is less than atmospheric pressure at rest.

A

True

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3
Q

What happens to the intrapleural pressure as the diaphragm contracts?

A

It decreases even more to create negative pressure to expand the lungs.

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4
Q

What happens to the intrapleural pressure as the diaphragm relaxes?

A

It returns to its baseline pressure but is still less than atmospheric so that the negative pressure holds the lung open.

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5
Q

When is the intrapleural pressure higher than atmospheric pressure?

A

Only during forced exhalation.

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6
Q

Where in the lung does air tend to go in someone taking a spontaneous breath?

A

It will go to the base because the transpulmonary pressure is less than at the apex.

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7
Q

Define tidal volume.

A

The volume of air that is inhaled and then exhaled with each normal breath.

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8
Q

Define inspiratory reserve volume.

A

The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled on top of the normal tidal volume

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9
Q

Define expiratory reserve volume.

A

The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled on top of the normal expiratory tidal volume

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10
Q

Define the residual volume.

A

The volume of air that will not leave the lungs no matter how hard you try to blow it out.

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11
Q

What is the inspiratory capacity?

A

The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled from the functional residual volume (Vt and IRV put together)

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12
Q

What is the functional residual volume?

A

The volume of air that remains in the lungs at the resting end-expiratory level.

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13
Q

What is the vital capacity?

A

The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled following a maximal inspiratory effort (IRV and Vt and ERV put together)

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14
Q

What is the total lung capacity?

A

The volume of air in lungs following maximal inspiration.

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15
Q

Which physics law tells us about compliance?

A

Hooke’s Law, F=ke (force = stretch gradient x extension)

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16
Q

What is the formula for lung compliance?

A

Compliance = volume/pressure

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17
Q

What is normal compliance for an adult?

A

0.1-0.4 L/cmH2O

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18
Q

What kind of compliance is found in pt’s with emphysema?

A

A high compliance state (floppy, inelastic lungs)

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19
Q

What kind of compliance is found in pt’s with fibrosis?

A

Low compliance (thick, rigid lung tissue)

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20
Q

What is Laplace’s Law?

A

The compliance of the alveoli is low when the radius is reduced because smaller alveoli would just empty into larger alveoli. P= (2T)/r

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21
Q

What is the substance that surfactant is made of?

A

Dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (phospholipid and protein)

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22
Q

How does the surfactant orient itself?

A

It is made of polar phospholipids, so the polar head will face the liquid side, closer to the tissue, and the hydrophobic tail faces the air in the alveoli

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23
Q

What is the critical opening pressure?

A

The amount of pressure required to open the alveoli (ex. after being winded, or when babies are born)

24
Q

Why is the critical opening pressure so large?

A

It must be enough to overcome the surface tension of the alveoli to open them.

25
Q

What is dynamic compliance?

A

The compliance measured during periods of flow.

26
Q

What is the static compliance?

A

The compliance measured during periods of no flow.

27
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure?

A

The net distending pressure exerted on the lungs, either by the contraction of the muscles of inhalation or by positive pressure ventilation. It is the difference between the intrapleural pressure and the alveolar pressure.

28
Q

Why would it take more effort to inflate the apices of the lungs than the bases?

A

The intrapleural pressure at the apices of the lungs is much higher than at the bases, so the apices are already partially distended, meaning it would take more effort to inflate the alveoli at the apices than the bases.

29
Q

What is the formula for dynamic compliance?

A

= Vt/(PIP-PEEP)

30
Q

What is the formula for static compliance?

A

=Vt/(Pplateau-PEEP)

31
Q

What is the formula for resistance?

A

pressure/flow

32
Q

What is normal adult airway resistance?

A

1-2 cmH2O/L/sec

33
Q

What is the resistance in an intubated patient?

A

~6 cmH2O/L/sec

34
Q

What is the formula for Reynold’s Number?

A

= (diametervelocityviscosity)/viscosity

35
Q

What is the difference between turbulent flow and laminar flow?

A

Turbulent is all over the place, laminar is in a straight line. The reynold’s number is >2000 for turbulent flow and <2000 for laminar flow.

36
Q

What is the CBRC resistance formula?

A

Raw= (PIP-Pplateau)/V

37
Q

What happens to flow resistance as an inspired volume increases?

A

The flow resistance decreases.

38
Q

What happens to flow resistance as the exhaled volume increases?

A

The flow resistance increases.

39
Q

At what point do the airways collapse?

A

Beyond the equal pressure point, when there is more pressure from forces external to the airway than there is in the airway.

40
Q

What does Poiseuilles law have to do with dynamic lung characteristics?

A

It states that the diameter of the airway affects the resistance. A smaller diameter creates more resistance. This is important in disease states like emphysema because high resistance can create an equal pressure point, causing collapse and air trapping.

41
Q

How would someone breathe if they had low compliance?

A

Fast with a short inspiratory time.

42
Q

How would someone breathe if they had low compliance and high resistance?

A

Rapidly with decreased Vt and obvious air trapping.

43
Q

Define hyperpnia.

A

Larger volumes with or without increase in RR. normal blood gas

44
Q

Define hyperventilation.

A

Increased rate and/or depth of breathing.

45
Q

Define hypoventilation.

A

Rate and or depth are decreased. CO2 should rise causing respiratory acidosis.

46
Q

What is Kussmaul’s breathing?

A

Rapid and deep breathing pattern, usually in response to metabolic acidosis.

47
Q

What is Cheyne-Stokes breathing?

A

Gradual increase in volume and rate followed by gradual decrease in both with apneas in between. Indicates low cerebral perfusion secondary to heart failure.

48
Q

What is Biot’s breathing?

A

Rapid deep breathing followed by apnea, seen in pts with high cerebral pressures.

49
Q

What is Fick’s law?

A

The more surface area there is and the thinner the membrane the faster a gas will diffuse.

50
Q

How much of the blood oxygen is bound to hemoglobin?

A

98.5%

51
Q

What factors affect oxygen binding?

A

O2 concentration, affinity for O2 of hemoglobin, pH, PCO2, temperature, presence of BPG or DPG.

52
Q

What does BPG do?

A

It is released during glycolysis in red blood cells and decreases Hb-O2 affinity.

52
Q

What does BPG do?

A

It is released during glycolysis in red blood cells and decreases Hb-O2 affinity.

52
Q

What does BPG do?

A

It is released during glycolysis in red blood cells and decreases Hb-O2 affinity.

53
Q

In what forms is CO2 present in the body?

A

7% dissolved in plasma, 23% bound to Hb, and 70% bicarb ions

54
Q

Describe chloride shift.

A

As HCO3- accumulates inside RBCs some diffuses out into plasma and Cl- ions move into cell to maintain electrical neutrality.

ANPH 1105 (14 decks)

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