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ANPH 1105 > Chemical Foundations of Life > Flashcards

Chemical Foundations of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Define potential energy.

A

Energy that is inactivated or stored.

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2
Q

Define kinetic energy.

A

Energy generated by motion.

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3
Q

Define chemical energy.

A

Energy that is stored in chemical bonds and released when those bonds are broken.

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4
Q

Define radiant energy.

A

Energy that travels in waves such as heat or light.

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5
Q

Define electrical energy.

A

Energy from the movement of charged particles (ions/electrons).

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6
Q

Where in the body is electrical energy utilized?

A

In muscles and nerves.

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7
Q

What are the four main chemical components of the human body?

A

Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Hydrogen.

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8
Q

What is a radioisotope?

A

An unstable, heavy isotope that decomposes and releases radiation as it decomposes.

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9
Q

Define half-life.

A

The time it takes for an isotope to lose half of its radioactivity.

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10
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

A bond between an electron donor and electron acceptor (ex. Na+ and Cl- make NaCl)

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11
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

A bond between two uncharged atoms who share electrons to fill their valence shells.

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12
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

A covalent bond between H and other atoms such as O and N.

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13
Q

Name the types of chemical bonds from strongest to weakest.

A

Ionic, covalent, hydrogen.

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14
Q

Which two factors affect the rate of chemical reactions?

A

The concentration of the reactants and the temperature.

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15
Q

How do catalysts speed up chemical reactions?

A

They lower the activation energy to make it easier for the reaction to progress forwards.

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16
Q

What are free radicals?

A

An electrically charge atom with an unpaired electron in the outer shell.

17
Q

What danger do free radicals pose?

A

They cause aging, cancer, diabetes, and emphysema.

18
Q

What are antioxidants?

A

Substances that inactivate free radicals.

19
Q

Define acid.

A

A substance that produces hydrogen ions upon dissociation; a proton donor.

20
Q

Define acid.

A

A substance that produces hydroxide ions; a proton acceptor.

21
Q

What is a salt?

A

A substance that dissociates to produce ions other than H+ or OH-

22
Q

What is sucrose made up of?

A

Glucose and fructose.

23
Q

What is lactose made up of?

A

Glucose and galactose.

24
Q

What is maltose made up of?

A

Two glucose molecules.

25
Q

What is the function of triglycerides?

A

To provide long-term energy storage.

26
Q

What are saturated fats?

A

Triglycerides that only contain single covalent bonds between carbons.

27
Q

What are unsaturated fats?

A

Triglycerides that contain one or more double bonds between carbons.

28
Q

What are essential fatty acids and name the three most important?

A

Essential fatty acids are not produced by the body and must be obtained from the diet. The most important are omega-3, omega-6, and cis-fatty acids.

29
Q

What are the benefits of omega-3 and -6 fatty acids?

A

Protect against heart disease, stroke, and arthritis, promote wound healing, improve some skin disorders, and improve mental function.

30
Q

How can you tell if a molecule is a steroid?

A

Its structure; it will have four rings of carbon.

31
Q

What are the sex hormones made from?

A

Steroids, which began as cholesterol.

32
Q

What are the six functions of proteins?

A

They act structurally, they have regulatory properties, they are contractile (like in muscle tissue), they can be immunological (as in antibodies), they can transport, and they can catalyze reactions.

33
Q

How is a peptide bond formed?

A

Through dehydration (removal of a water molecule from the two molecules to bind a Carbon atom and Nitrogen atom together.

34
Q

What conditions can cause denaturation?

A

Change in temperature, pH, or electrolyte concentration.

35
Q

What are the parts of a nucleic acid?

A

A phosphate, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

36
Q

What is the difference between RNA and DNA

A

The ribose in DNA does not contain the extra oxygen molecule that RNA does.

37
Q

How does ATP generate energy?

A

A great amount of chemical energy is stored within the last phosphate bond of the phosphate group and releases this energy when the last phosphate is hydrolyzed.

ANPH 1105 (14 decks)

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