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ANPH 1105 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 major functions of the skeletal system?

A

Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, site of hematopoiesis, and triglyceride storage.

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2
Q

What are the 5 classes of bone?

A

Long bone, sesamoid, short bone, flat, irregular

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3
Q

Give an example of a long bone.

A

Humerus or femur.

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4
Q

Give an example of a sesamoid bone.

A

Patella.

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5
Q

Give an example of a short bone.

A

Trapezoid, carpals.

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6
Q

Give an example of a flat bone.

A

Sternum, ribs, scapula.

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7
Q

Give an example of an irregular bone.

A

Vertebrae, ethmoid.

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8
Q

Define diaphysis.

A

The shaft of a long bone.

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9
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

The area where the ends of a long bone attach to the shaft, open as a juvenile but fuse in adulthood.

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10
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A

The ends of a long bone that are detached in juveniles but become fused in adulthood.

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11
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

In red bone marrow of the pelvis, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull, and in the ends of the humeri and femurs.

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12
Q

What does an osteogenic cell do?

A

They develop into osteoblasts.

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13
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

They form the bone matrix. OsteoBlasts Build.

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14
Q

What do osteocytes do?

A

They maintain bone tissue.

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15
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

They function in resorption and break down the bone matrix.

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16
Q

What is a haversian system?

A

AKA an osteon; a group of concentric lamellae surrounding blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

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17
Q

What are the two basic types of bone tissue?

A

Compact bone and spongy bone.

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18
Q

What special feature of compact bone allows it to have a structural function?

A

The concentric ring arrangement of the lamellae allow the bone to be dense and strong but still have vessels feeding the tissue.

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19
Q

What are other names for spongy bone?

A

Cancellous or trabecular bone.

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20
Q

What percent of bone is water?

A

20%

21
Q

What cells provide the framework of bone?

A

A matrix of collagen fibres.

22
Q

What inorganic compounds can be found in bone?

A

Salts deposited in collagen matrix where they ossify, calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate which form hydroxyapatite crystals.

23
Q

What are the two kinds of bone development.

A

Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.

24
Q

Describe the steps of intramembranous ossification.

A

An ossification center develops in the tissue, then the ossification center begins to calcify; next the trabeculae (spongy bone) forms, and lastly the periosteum (vascular connective tissue around the bone) forms.

25
Q

Describe the steps of endochondral ossification.

A

A cartilage model forms and grows first, next a primary ossification center forms in the middle of the bone, then the medullary (marrow) cavity forms. A secondary ossification center forms in the epiphysis, and lastly articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plate form.

26
Q

When does osteogenesis occur in fetuses?

A

Begins around 6-7 weeks

27
Q

What is the function of pituitary growth hormone?

A

Stimulates growth, especially on long bones by stimulating insulin-like growth factors.

28
Q

What is the function of thyroid hormones in bone development?

A

They stimulate growth.

29
Q

What is the function of androgens and estrogens in bone development?

A

They are responsible for pre-pubertal growth spurts and estrogen promotes closure of epiphyseal growth plates.

30
Q

Which vitamins and minerals are found in bone.

A

Vitamins: D, A, B, C
Minerals: calcium, phosphorous, and magnesium.

31
Q

Where is parathyroid hormone produced?

A

In the parathyroid gland.

32
Q

When is parathyroid hormone released?

A

When blood calcium levels are low.

33
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

Stimulates osteoclasts to increase bone resorption (osteoclasts break down bone to release calcium into the blood).

34
Q

Where is calcitonin produced?

A

In the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland.

35
Q

When is calcitonin released?

A

When the blood calcium levels are high.

36
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Stimulates osteoblasts to increase bone formation and lower blood calcium levels (calcitonIN INto bone)

37
Q

Why do we need both parathyroid hormone and calcitonin?

A

They work together to maintain appropriate calcium levels for nerve and muscle cell activity.

38
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

When there is more bone resorption than bone formation, causing weak and brittle bones.

39
Q

What is the most common form of dwarfism?

A

Achondroplasia which is a defect in long bone development.

40
Q

What are the functional classifications of joints?

A

Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis.

41
Q

Define synarthrosis.

A

Immovable joints, such as the sutures of the skull.

42
Q

Define amphiarthrosis.

A

Slightly movable joints, such as intervertebral joints.

43
Q

Define diarthrosis.

A

Freely moveable joints.

44
Q

What are the structural classifications of joints?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.

45
Q

Define fibrous joints.

A

Held together with fibrous tissue. Ex. sutures of skull or syndesmosis between tibia and fibula.

46
Q

Define cartilaginous joints.

A

Held together with cartilage. Ex. Pubic symphysis.

47
Q

Define synovial joint.

A

When there is a cavity between two articulating bones and the joint is fully moveable, such as between humerus and radius/ulna.

48
Q

What is a bursa?

A

A fluid filled sac that cushions a gliding surface between tissues.

ANPH 1105 (14 decks)

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