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bioregulatory systems 🦠 > ventilation and gas exchange > Flashcards

ventilation and gas exchange Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition for minute ventilation

A

the volume of air expired in one minute or per minute

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2
Q

what is the definition for respiratory rate

A

the frequency of breathing per minute

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3
Q

what is the definition for alveolar ventilation

A

the volume of air reaching the respiratory zone per minute

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4
Q

what is the definition for respiration

A

the process of generating ATP either with an excess of oxygen (aerobic) or a shortfall (anaerobic)

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5
Q

what is the definition for anatomical dead space

A

the capacity of the airways incapable of undertaking gas exchange

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6
Q

what is the definition for alveolar dead space

A

capacity of the airways that should be able to undertake gas exchange but cannot (eg hypoperfused alveoli)

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7
Q

what is the definition for physiological dead space

A

equivalent to the sum of alveolar and anatomical dead space

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8
Q

what is the definition for hypoventilation

A

deficient ventilation of the lungs - unable to meet metabolic demand (increased PO2 - acidosis)

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9
Q

what is the definition for hyperventilation

A

excessive ventilation of the longs atop of metabolic demand (results in reduced PCO2 - alkalosis)

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10
Q

what is the definition for hyperpnoea

A

increased depth of breathing (to meet metabolic demand)

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11
Q

what is the definition for hypopnoea

A

decreased depth of breathing (inadequate to meet metabolic demand)

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12
Q

what is the definition for apnoea

A

cessation of breathing (no air movement)

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13
Q

what is the definition for dyspnoea

A

difficulty in breathing

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14
Q

what is the definition for bradypnoea

A

abnormally slow breathing rate

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15
Q

what is the definition for tachypnoea

A

abnormally fast breathing rate

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16
Q

what is the definition for orthopnoea

A

positional difficulty in breathing - when lying down

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17
Q

what is the definition for tidal volume

A

the amount of air that is moving in and out in a normal breath

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18
Q

what is the definition for inspiratory reserve volume

A

amount of additional air you can take in atop your tidal volume

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19
Q

what is the definition for expiratory volume

A

after a normal breath out, how much more you can breathe out

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20
Q

what is the definition for residual volume

A

volume of air you cannot get rid of

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21
Q

what is the definition for total lung capacity

A

inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

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22
Q

what is the definition for vital capacity

A

measured

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23
Q

what is the definition for functional residual capacity

A

after a normal breath, how much air is in the lungs

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24
Q

what is the definition for inspiratory capacity

A

they didn’t really give one so?

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25
what is the difference between volumes and capacities
volumes are discrete sections of the graph and do not overlap capacities are the sum of 2 or more volumes
26
what is the definition for minute ventilation
(L/min) | gas entering and leaving the lungs
27
equation for minute ventilation (L/min)
tidal volume (L/breath) x breathing frequency (breaths per min) = minute ventilation
28
what is the definition for alveolar ventilation (L/min)
gas entering and leaving the alveoli
29
equation for alveolar ventilation (L/min)
(tidal volume L/breath - dead space L) x breathing freq = alveolar ventilation
30
what are some factors affecting lung volumes and capacities
``` body size - height and shape sex - males and females disease - pulmonary/neurological age - chronological, physical fitness - innate, training ```
31
what is the conducting zone
first 16 generations of bifurcations not participating in gas exchange typically 150 mL in adults at FRC equivalent to anatomical dead space
32
what is non perfused parenchyma
alveoli without a blood supply no gas exchange typically 0 mL in adults called alveolar dead space
33
what is the respiratory zone
7 generations of bifurcations after the 16 gas exchange does occur air reaching here is equivalent to alveolar ventilation
34
how do you calculate physiological dead space
anatomical + alveolar dead space
35
what is a reversible procedure that can increase the amount of dead space
anaesthetic circuit snorkelling
36
what is a reversible process that can decrease the amount of dead space
tracheostomy | cricothyroctomy
37
what does the chest wall have a tendency to do
spring outwards
38
what does the lung have a tendency to do
recoil inwards
39
what is the neutral position of the intact chest
end tidal expiration (FRC) | the forces of the chest and the lung are in equilibrium
40
what is the relationship between the lung and chest at equilibrium
chest recoil = lung recoil
41
what happens when inspiratory muscle effort + chest recoil > lung recoil
inspiration
42
what happens when chest recoil < lung recoil + expiratory muscle effort
expiration
43
what are the lungs surrounded by
visceral pleural membrane
44
what is the inner surface of the chest wall covered by
parietal pleural membrane
45
what is the pleural cavity
the gap between pleural membranes | is a fixed volume and contains protein rich pleural fluid
46
what does the interpleural space contain
fluid makes the lung and chest wall work in partnership however things can interrupt this
47
what does bleeding into the interpleural space do
cause positive pressure | lung cannot expand properly
48
what does a puncture lead to
perforated chest wall lose negative pressure pneumothorax reduce effectiveness of ventilation
49
which way does pressure go
high pressure to low pressure
50
what is negative pressure breathing
P alv is reduced below P atm
51
what is positive pressure breathing
P atm is increased above P alv
52
what are some examples of positive pressure breathing
mechanical ventilation | CPR
53
what is the effect of the diaphragm
pulling force in 1 direction
54
what is the effect of the other respiratory muscles
an upwards and outwards swinging force
55
What is Dalton's law
pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures (P) of gases in that mixture
56
what is Fick's law
molecules diffuse from regions of high conc to low conc at a rate proportional to the conc gradient (P1 - P2), the exchange SA (A) and the diffusion capacity (D) of the gas and inversely proportional to the thickness of the exchange surface (T)
57
what is Henry's law
at a constant temp, the amount of a given gas that dissolves in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid
58
What is Boyle's law
at a constant temp, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure of that gas
59
What is Charle's law
at a constant pressure, the volume of a gas is proportional to the temp of that gas
60
what are the air percentages and partial pressures at sea level
``` N2 = 78.09% and 79.1 mmHg O2 = 20.95% and 21.3 Ar = 0.93% and 0.9 CO2 = 0.04% and 0.04 Ne, He, H2, Kr etc = <0.01% too small ```
61
what is the total O2 delivery at rest
16 mL.min-1
62
what is resting VO2 and what does this mean about reliance on dissolved O2
250 mL.min-1 so relying on dissolved O2 alone is not conducive with life
63
what do haemoglobin monomers consist of
a ferrous iron ion (Fe2+, haem-) at the centre of a | tetrapyrrole porphyrin ring connected to a protein chain (-globin) covalently bonded at the proximal histamine residue
64
how many monomers is each haemoglobin molecule made of
4
65
is each monomer coded for by a separate gene
yes
66
what are the chain structures in haemoglobin
2 alpha chains which can be accompanied by 2 beta or 2 gamma chains to get a different haemoglobin tetramer
67
what are the 3 tetramers
HbA HbA2 HbF
68
what do 2 alpha and 2 beta chains make
HbA
69
what do 2 alpha and 2 delta chains make
HbA2
70
what does 2 alpha and 2 gamma chains make
HbF
71
does haemoglobin bind reversibly or irreversibly
reversibly
72
what happens each time oxygen binds to haemoglobin
affinity for oxygen increases | binding site is created
73
what kind of a protein is Hb
allosteric protein | changes shape depending on what is bound or unbound
74
describe the normal oxygen dissociation curve
oxygen dissociation curve is a normal sigmoidal left hand side = systemic right hand side = pulmonary
75
what is leftwards shift
``` increased affinity loading decreased temp alkalosis hypocapnia decreased 2,3 DPG ```
76
what is rightwards shift
``` increased temp acidosis hypercapnia increased 2,3 DPG BOHR effect ```
77
what is upwards shift
polycythaemia | increased oxygen - carrying capacity
78
what is downwards shift
anaemia | impaired oxygen carrying capacity
79
what does CO do to Hb and the oxygen binding curve
increases the affinity of Hb for the oxygen it does bind but also takes binding sites away from oxygen and the oxygen is also bound more tightly downwards and leftwards shift decreased capacity increased affinity increased HbCO
80
what does the curve look like for foetal Hb
more left but starts at same point and ends at same point and is more r shaped greater affinity than adult HbA to extract oxygen from mothers blood in placenta
81
what does the curve look like for myoglobin
starts and ends at the same place but much much more left and abrupt r shape much much greater affinity than adult HbA to extract oxygen from circulating blood and store it
82
what are the steps for oxygen transport (not explained)
1) loading in lungs 2) unloading at tissues 3) loading in tissues x3
83
describe the STEPS for oxygen loading in lungs
1) blood returns to the lung in the pulmonary circulation 2) very saturated? unsaturated imo - each Hb has 4 binding sites 3) oxygen diffuses into blood > binds to Hb
84
describe the STEPS for unloading at tissues
1) coming out of left ventricle > arteries going to bronchial circulation > drains into pulmonary vein 2) oxygen moves down it's conc gradient and supports the metabolic production of energy
85
how do you work out resting VO2 to be approx 250 mL.min-1
lose 5mL per dL of blood for every 100mL that passes through cardiac output = 5L per minute 100 mL goes in 50 times so -5 x 50 = -250 mL O2.min-1
86
describe the STEPS for loading at tissues
1) CO2 moves into blood 2) bind reversibly but slowly and non enzymatically with water to produce carbonic acid which dissociates into protons and bicarbonate into red blood cells 3) carbonic anhydrase catalyses reaction 5000x quicker 4) bicarbonate moves out into blood 5) chloride exchange (negative ions enter RBC to maintain RMP) 6) water moves in RBC 7) CO2 also binds to Hb at the amine end > carbon amino haemoglobin 8) excess protons need to bind to negative anionic sites on global chains to manage pH change - enzyme function
87
what is CO2 flux
48 -> 52 | about 80% of O2 consumption
88
what is pulmonary transit time
google = an indirect measure of preload and left ventricular function there is a 3/4 of a second window for gas exchange to occur lungs are efficient at having blood go through at the right speed and over the right amount of SA
89
what is a shunt
a flow of blood not doing the normal circuit

bioregulatory systems 🦠 (54 decks)

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