neuroanatomy Flashcards
1
Q
what does superior mean
A
towards top of head
2
Q
what does inferior mean
A
towards the feet
3
Q
what does anterior mean
A
front of body/brain
4
Q
what does posterior mean
A
back of body/brain
5
Q
what does dorsal mean
A
superior portion of brain
6
Q
what does ventral mean
A
inferior portion of brain
7
Q
where does rostral point
A
towards the head
8
Q
where does caudal point
A
towards the end of cord
9
Q
what does ventral mean
A
front
10
Q
what does dorsal mean
A
back
11
Q
what points towards the anterior part of the brain
A
rostral
12
Q
what points towards the posterior part of the brain
A
caudal
13
Q
ventral in terms of brain
A
carry on from spine - bottom of brain/chin area
14
Q
dorsal in terms of brain
A
top of brain
15
Q
what is a sagittal section
A
cut in half down the middle of the brain into two separate halves
16
Q
what is a horizontal/transverse/axial section
A
slicing brain perpendicular to the long axis of the body
17
Q
what is a coronal/frontal section
A
slicing brain parallel to long axis of body
18
Q
if something is closer to the midline it is
A
medial
19
Q
if something is further away from the midline/closer to sides of brain it is
A
lateral
20
Q
blood supply for the primary motor cortex for face
A
middle cerebral artery
21
Q
blood supply for the primary motor cortex for arm
A
middle cerebral artery
22
Q
blood supply for the primary motor cortex for foot
A
anterior cerebral artery
23
Q
blood supply for the primary somatosensory cortex for arm
A
middle cerebral artery
24
Q
blood supply for the primary visual cortex
A
posterior cerebral artery
25
blood supply for the primary auditory complex
middle cerebral artery
26
blood supply for Broca's area
middle cerebral artery
27
blood supply for Wernicke's area
middle cerebral artery
28
what is grey matter
regions enriched in nerve cell bodies (the central portion of the spinal cord and the surface of the cerebral hemisphere)
29
what is white matter
regions contain mostly nerve processes (usually axons) - often myelinated - paler in colour
30
what are nuclei
nerve cell bodies with similar anatomical connections and functions
31
describe the PNS and how it is divided
PNS > somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary)
| autonomic > parasympathetic (rest and digest) and sympathetic (fight or flight)
32
what are the 2 cerebral hemispheres incompletely separated by
a deep cleft - great longitudinal fissure
33
how is the brain divided
forebrain midbrain and hindbrain
34
how is the hindbrain separated
medulla
pons
cerebellum
35
how is the brainstem organised in descending order
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
36
what does the forebrain consist of
diencephalon
| the thalamus and hypothalamus and cerebral hemisphere
37
what lies within the cerebral hemisphere
several large nuclei called basal ganglia
38
what produces CSF found in the system of cavities/ventricles in the brain
choroid plexus
39
how are the 2 hemispheres linked
commissural fibres of the corpus callosum
40
what are gyri
ridges
41
what are sulci
grooves
42
what is beneath the surface of the cerebral hemisphere
dense fibre masses of the corona radiata and the internal capsule
43
what does the frontal lobe contain
the primary motor cortex
44
what does the parietal lobe contain
the primary somatosensory cortex
45
what does the temporal lobe contain
the primary auditory cortex
46
what does the occipital lobe contain
the primary visual cortex
47
what does the limbic lobe contain
regions for memory and emotional aspects of behaviour
48
what does the spinal cord continue rostrally with
medulla oblongata
49
what do dorsal roots carry
afferent nerve fibres - the cell bodies of which are in dorsal root ganglia
50
what do ventral roots carry
efferent nerve fibres - the parent cell bodies of which lie within spinal grey matter
51
what do spinal nerves leave the vertebral canal through
small apertures called intervertebral foramina located between adjacent vertebrae
52
what is the cauda equina
the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves - descend in a leash like arrangement
53
what neurones does the dorsal horn contain
sensory neurones
54
what neurones does the ventral horn contain
motor neurones
55
what neurones does the lateral horn contain
preganglionic sympathetic neurones
56
what are the principal ascending tracts
dorsal columns, spinothalamic tracts and spinocerebellar tracts
57
what is an important descending tract
corticospinal tract
58
what divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
central sulcus
59
what are the 2 sheets of the cranial dura mater
falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
| incompletely divide cranial cavity into compartments
60
where are dural venous sinuses and what do they act as
channels for the venous drainage of the brain
| they are found in cranial dura mater
61
where does CSF circulate
subarachnoid space under the arachnoid mater
62
what supplies the brain with blood
internal carotid and vertebral arteries
| these form the circulus arteriosus - circle of Willis at the base of brain
63
what supplies the spinal cord with blood
vessels that arise from the vertebral arteries, reinforced by radicular arteries derived from segmental vessels
64
what do the meninges do
protect and provide structural support for the brain - as well as contain CSF
65
describe the dura mater
hard, adheres to skull and arachnoid mater
66
describe the pia mater
forms a tight membrane around the brain and spinal cord acting as an additional barrier and aiding in secretion and containment of CSF
67
what is epidural space
space between the dura of the spinal cord and the bone of vertebral column
68
where can CSF be withdrawn from
lumbar cistern
L3-4
no spinal cord present
69
what does the internal carotid artery split into
before splitting it gives rise to the anterior choroidal arteries which supply many structures and the posterior communicating arteries which connect the internal carotid arteries to the posterior cerebral arteries
it splits into anterior cerebral arteries (supply the medial frontal and parietal lobes) and middle cerebral arteries
70
what do the vertebral arteries give rise to
posterior inferior cerebellar arteries which supply the inferior surface of the cerebellum
gives rise to posterior spinal arteries supplying the posterior spinal cord
71
what supplies the anterior spinal cord
anterior spinal artery - branches off vertebral arteries and come together to form the basilar artery - gives rise to anterior inferior cerebellar arteries and superior cerebellar arteries
72
what is the choroid plexus composed of
glial cells called ependymal cells secrete CSF which flows through ventricles around brain
73
how many ventricles are there
4
74
how many lateral ventricles are there
2 C shaped lateral ventricles
| one in the right and one in the left hemisphere
75
how are the lateral ventricles connected to the 3rd ventricle
by an opening called the intervertebral foramen
76
what does the 3rd ventricle run along
the midline of the diencephalon
77
how do the 3rd and 4th ventricle communicate
the cerebral aqueduct
78
what is the 4th ventricle lodged between
cerebellum and brainstem - the peak protrudes into the cerebellum
79
how many openings are there in the 4th ventricle to allow CSF to enter the subarachnoid space
3
80
what lies in the anterior cranial fossa
frontal lobe of cerebral hemisphere
81
what lies in the middle cranial fossa
temporal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere
82
what lies in the posterior cranial fossa
cerebellum
83
what lies directly above the body of the sphenoid bone
hypothalamus
84
what passes through the foramen magnum
medulla
85
what are the 12 cranial nerves
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Olfactory
Optic
Occulomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glassopharynx
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal
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