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bioregulatory systems 🦠 > neuroanatomy > Flashcards

neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what does superior mean

A

towards top of head

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2
Q

what does inferior mean

A

towards the feet

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3
Q

what does anterior mean

A

front of body/brain

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4
Q

what does posterior mean

A

back of body/brain

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5
Q

what does dorsal mean

A

superior portion of brain

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6
Q

what does ventral mean

A

inferior portion of brain

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7
Q

where does rostral point

A

towards the head

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8
Q

where does caudal point

A

towards the end of cord

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9
Q

what does ventral mean

A

front

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10
Q

what does dorsal mean

A

back

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11
Q

what points towards the anterior part of the brain

A

rostral

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12
Q

what points towards the posterior part of the brain

A

caudal

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13
Q

ventral in terms of brain

A

carry on from spine - bottom of brain/chin area

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14
Q

dorsal in terms of brain

A

top of brain

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15
Q

what is a sagittal section

A

cut in half down the middle of the brain into two separate halves

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16
Q

what is a horizontal/transverse/axial section

A

slicing brain perpendicular to the long axis of the body

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17
Q

what is a coronal/frontal section

A

slicing brain parallel to long axis of body

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18
Q

if something is closer to the midline it is

A

medial

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19
Q

if something is further away from the midline/closer to sides of brain it is

A

lateral

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20
Q

blood supply for the primary motor cortex for face

A

middle cerebral artery

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21
Q

blood supply for the primary motor cortex for arm

A

middle cerebral artery

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22
Q

blood supply for the primary motor cortex for foot

A

anterior cerebral artery

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23
Q

blood supply for the primary somatosensory cortex for arm

A

middle cerebral artery

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24
Q

blood supply for the primary visual cortex

A

posterior cerebral artery

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25
Q

blood supply for the primary auditory complex

A

middle cerebral artery

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26
Q

blood supply for Broca’s area

A

middle cerebral artery

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27
Q

blood supply for Wernicke’s area

A

middle cerebral artery

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28
Q

what is grey matter

A

regions enriched in nerve cell bodies (the central portion of the spinal cord and the surface of the cerebral hemisphere)

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29
Q

what is white matter

A

regions contain mostly nerve processes (usually axons) - often myelinated - paler in colour

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30
Q

what are nuclei

A

nerve cell bodies with similar anatomical connections and functions

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31
Q

describe the PNS and how it is divided

A

PNS > somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary)

autonomic > parasympathetic (rest and digest) and sympathetic (fight or flight)

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32
Q

what are the 2 cerebral hemispheres incompletely separated by

A

a deep cleft - great longitudinal fissure

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33
Q

how is the brain divided

A

forebrain midbrain and hindbrain

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34
Q

how is the hindbrain separated

A

medulla
pons
cerebellum

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35
Q

how is the brainstem organised in descending order

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

36
Q

what does the forebrain consist of

A

diencephalon

the thalamus and hypothalamus and cerebral hemisphere

37
Q

what lies within the cerebral hemisphere

A

several large nuclei called basal ganglia

38
Q

what produces CSF found in the system of cavities/ventricles in the brain

A

choroid plexus

39
Q

how are the 2 hemispheres linked

A

commissural fibres of the corpus callosum

40
Q

what are gyri

A

ridges

41
Q

what are sulci

A

grooves

42
Q

what is beneath the surface of the cerebral hemisphere

A

dense fibre masses of the corona radiata and the internal capsule

43
Q

what does the frontal lobe contain

A

the primary motor cortex

44
Q

what does the parietal lobe contain

A

the primary somatosensory cortex

45
Q

what does the temporal lobe contain

A

the primary auditory cortex

46
Q

what does the occipital lobe contain

A

the primary visual cortex

47
Q

what does the limbic lobe contain

A

regions for memory and emotional aspects of behaviour

48
Q

what does the spinal cord continue rostrally with

A

medulla oblongata

49
Q

what do dorsal roots carry

A

afferent nerve fibres - the cell bodies of which are in dorsal root ganglia

50
Q

what do ventral roots carry

A

efferent nerve fibres - the parent cell bodies of which lie within spinal grey matter

51
Q

what do spinal nerves leave the vertebral canal through

A

small apertures called intervertebral foramina located between adjacent vertebrae

52
Q

what is the cauda equina

A

the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves - descend in a leash like arrangement

53
Q

what neurones does the dorsal horn contain

A

sensory neurones

54
Q

what neurones does the ventral horn contain

A

motor neurones

55
Q

what neurones does the lateral horn contain

A

preganglionic sympathetic neurones

56
Q

what are the principal ascending tracts

A

dorsal columns, spinothalamic tracts and spinocerebellar tracts

57
Q

what is an important descending tract

A

corticospinal tract

58
Q

what divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

A

central sulcus

59
Q

what are the 2 sheets of the cranial dura mater

A

falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

incompletely divide cranial cavity into compartments

60
Q

where are dural venous sinuses and what do they act as

A

channels for the venous drainage of the brain

they are found in cranial dura mater

61
Q

where does CSF circulate

A

subarachnoid space under the arachnoid mater

62
Q

what supplies the brain with blood

A

internal carotid and vertebral arteries

these form the circulus arteriosus - circle of Willis at the base of brain

63
Q

what supplies the spinal cord with blood

A

vessels that arise from the vertebral arteries, reinforced by radicular arteries derived from segmental vessels

64
Q

what do the meninges do

A

protect and provide structural support for the brain - as well as contain CSF

65
Q

describe the dura mater

A

hard, adheres to skull and arachnoid mater

66
Q

describe the pia mater

A

forms a tight membrane around the brain and spinal cord acting as an additional barrier and aiding in secretion and containment of CSF

67
Q

what is epidural space

A

space between the dura of the spinal cord and the bone of vertebral column

68
Q

where can CSF be withdrawn from

A

lumbar cistern
L3-4
no spinal cord present

69
Q

what does the internal carotid artery split into

A

before splitting it gives rise to the anterior choroidal arteries which supply many structures and the posterior communicating arteries which connect the internal carotid arteries to the posterior cerebral arteries
it splits into anterior cerebral arteries (supply the medial frontal and parietal lobes) and middle cerebral arteries

70
Q

what do the vertebral arteries give rise to

A

posterior inferior cerebellar arteries which supply the inferior surface of the cerebellum
gives rise to posterior spinal arteries supplying the posterior spinal cord

71
Q

what supplies the anterior spinal cord

A

anterior spinal artery - branches off vertebral arteries and come together to form the basilar artery - gives rise to anterior inferior cerebellar arteries and superior cerebellar arteries

72
Q

what is the choroid plexus composed of

A

glial cells called ependymal cells secrete CSF which flows through ventricles around brain

73
Q

how many ventricles are there

A

4

74
Q

how many lateral ventricles are there

A

2 C shaped lateral ventricles

one in the right and one in the left hemisphere

75
Q

how are the lateral ventricles connected to the 3rd ventricle

A

by an opening called the intervertebral foramen

76
Q

what does the 3rd ventricle run along

A

the midline of the diencephalon

77
Q

how do the 3rd and 4th ventricle communicate

A

the cerebral aqueduct

78
Q

what is the 4th ventricle lodged between

A

cerebellum and brainstem - the peak protrudes into the cerebellum

79
Q

how many openings are there in the 4th ventricle to allow CSF to enter the subarachnoid space

A

3

80
Q

what lies in the anterior cranial fossa

A

frontal lobe of cerebral hemisphere

81
Q

what lies in the middle cranial fossa

A

temporal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere

82
Q

what lies in the posterior cranial fossa

A

cerebellum

83
Q

what lies directly above the body of the sphenoid bone

A

hypothalamus

84
Q

what passes through the foramen magnum

A

medulla

85
Q

what are the 12 cranial nerves

A 
Olfactory
Optic
Occulomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glassopharynx
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal

bioregulatory systems 🦠 (54 decks)

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