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bioregulatory systems 🦠 > Cells of the NS and neuromuscular joint > Flashcards

Cells of the NS and neuromuscular joint Flashcards

1
Q

name the 9 cells of the nervous system

A

neurones, pyramidal cells, purkinje cells, Golgi cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, ependyma, Schwann cells

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2
Q

name the 4 morphological types of neurones

A

unipolar, pseudopolar, bipolar, multipolar

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3
Q

what are pyramidal cells

A

they have a pyramid shaped cell body

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4
Q

what are purkinje cells

A

GABA neurones found in the cerebellum

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5
Q

what are Golgi cells

A

GABA neurones found in the cerebellum

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6
Q

what are GABA neurones

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter

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7
Q

what are neurones

A

excitable cells of the CNS that are responsible for electrical transmission

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8
Q

common features of cells

A

soma, axon, dendrites

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9
Q

features of the soma/perikaryon

A

contains nucleus and ribosomes

also has neurofilaments for structure and transport

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10
Q

features of the axon

A

a long process aka nerve fibre
originates from soma at axon hillock
can branch off into collaterals
usually covered in myelin

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11
Q

features of dendrites

A

highly branched cell body
not covered in myelin
receives signals from other neurones

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12
Q

what are oligodendrocytes

A

glial cells
responsible for production of myelin in CNS
sends out numerous projections that form internodes of myelin covering axons of neurones
myelinates many axons

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13
Q

what are astrocytes

A

the most abundant cell type
structural cells
cell repair, synapse formation, neuronal maturation and plasticity

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14
Q

what are microglia

A

neuronal macrophages

immune function in CNS

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15
Q

what are ependyma

A

epithelial cells lining the ventricles regulation movement/production of CSF

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16
Q

what are Schwann cells

A

myelin production in PNS and only myelinates a single axonal segment

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17
Q

what are the 4 main physiological ions and relate to cell membrane

A 
K+
Na+
Ca2+
Cl-
cell membrane is impermeable to these ions so transportation is regulated by channels and pumps which causes an uneven ion distribution
18
Q

ion distribution in relation to extracellular space

A

high extracellular Na+ and Cl- (and also Ca2+ compared to inside)
low extracellular K+
high conc gradient for Ca2+

19
Q

what creates potential difference across membrane

A

the difference in ion concentrations

20
Q

RMP of neuronal cells

A

RMP between -40 and -90
negative charge inside compared to outside
charges are concentrated around membrane

21
Q

ions for generation of action potential

A

Na+ and K+

22
Q

STEPS for generation of AP

A

at RMP

1) membrane depolarisation - opening of VGSC > Na+ influx > further depolarisation
2) VGKCs open at slower rate causing efflux of K+ from cell (membrane repolarisation)
3) ion imbalance needs to be restored by Na/K ATPase

23
Q

STEPS for restoration of ion imbalance by Na/K ATPase

A

1) resting configuration - Na+ enters pump vestibule
2) pump is phosphorylated (by ATP) and ions are transported through protein extracellularly
3) active configuration - Na+ is removed from the cell and K+ enters vestibule
4) pump returns to resting configuration > K+ transported into cell

24
Q

normal AP conduction is..

A

through “cable transmission”

25
Q

what does myelin do

A

prevents the AP from spreading due to its

high resistance and low capacitance (stops AP travelling through) :. forced to go through nodes of ranvier

26
Q

what are nodes of Ranvier

A

small gaps of myelin along axon

27
Q

what is saltatory conduction

A

action potential jumping between nodes (AP cannot jump across gap at axon terminal)

28
Q

STEPS for neurotransmission at the synapse

A

1) propagation of AP (depolarisation and repolarisation)
2) NT release from vesicles - AP opens VGCCs at the presynaptic terminal leading to a Ca2+ influx > vesicle exocytosis
3) activation of postsynaptic receptors - NT binds to receptors on post synaptic membrane which modulate postsynaptic activity
4) NT reuptake - NT dissociates from receptor and can either be metabolised by enzymes or recycled by transporter proteins

29
Q

what is the communication between nerve cells

A

autocrine and paracrine

30
Q

3 types of synaptic organisation between neurones

A

axodendritic synapse (between terminal and dendrite)
axosomatic (between terminal and soma)
axoaxonic (between terminal and axon)

31
Q

what is the neuromuscular junction

A

a specialised structure incorporating axon terminal and muscle membrane (sarcoplasmic membrane/sarcolemma) allowing unidirectional chemical communication between peripheral nerve and muscle

32
Q

what type of communication exists between nerve and effector cells

A

paracrine - NT release

33
Q

STEPS for AP at neuromuscular junction

A

1) AP propagated along axon > Ca2+ entry at presynaptic terminal
2) ACh release into synapse
3) ACh binds to nAChR on skeletal muscle membrane > membrane depolarisation > change in EPP (depolarisation in membrane neuromuscular junction)

34
Q

what is excitation-contraction coupling

A

sarcolemma is depolarised due to nACHR activation (opens Na+ channels) > depolarisation and AP > travels through T tubules to cause contraction

35
Q

what are T-tubules

A

continuous with the sarcolemma and are closely connected to sarcoplasmic reticulum
connects to myofibrils causing contraction

36
Q

3 roles of sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

location - surrounds myofibrils which are contractile units of muscle
function - Ca2+ storage - releases Ca2+ following sarcolemma depolarisation
effect - Ca2+ causes myofibril contraction and muscle contraction

37
Q

disorder - what is botulism

A

botulinum toxin (BTx) : irreversible, disrupts vesicle binding and releasing ACh from presynaptic nerve terminal - no muscle contraction

38
Q

disorder - what is myasthenia gravis (MG)

A

type 2 hypersensitivity
autoimmune disorder - antibodies directed against ACh receptor - degrading the receptor
causes fatigable weakness

39
Q

disorder - what is Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS)

A

autoimmune disorder : antibodies directed against VG calcium channels - muscle degradation

40
Q

the hemispheres are separated into 4 distinct regions

A

frontal lobe - personality
parietal lobe - somatosensory cortex > tactile info processing
temporal lobe - hippocampus (short term memory), the amygdala (behaviour) and Wernickes area (auditory perception and speech)
occipital lobe - processing of visual info

41
Q

what does the brainstem contain (descending order)

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

bioregulatory systems 🦠 (54 decks)

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