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bioregulatory systems 🦠 > upper GI tract > Flashcards

upper GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

what is digestion

A

the process of breaking down macromolecules to allow absorption

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2
Q

what is absorption

A

the process of moving nutrients and water across a membrane

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3
Q

what are the 18 components of the GI system

A 
parotid gland
sub mandibular gland
sub lingual gland
oesophagus
liver
gall bladder
stomach
pancreas
duodenum
jejenum 
transverse colon
ileum
descending colon
ascending colon
appendix
sigmoid colon
rectum 
anus
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4
Q

what is mucosa

A

epithelium
lamina propria (loose connective tissue)
muscularis mucosae

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5
Q

what is submucosa

A 
connective tissue (containing nerve plexus)
has blood vessels
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6
Q

what is muscularis

A

smooth muscle containing nerve plexus

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7
Q

what is serosa/adventitia

A

connective tissue +/- epithelium

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8
Q

how many teeth are there in total

A

32

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9
Q

what are the different kinds of teeth

A

incisors
canines
premolars
molars

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10
Q

how many incisors are there

A

8

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11
Q

how many canines are there

A

4

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12
Q

how many premolars are there

A

8

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13
Q

how many molars are there

A

12

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14
Q

what is the masseter muscle

A

largest jaw muscle

responsible for biting

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15
Q

what is temporalis muscle

A

moves jaw up and down

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16
Q

what do several muscles control the position of

A

the mandible

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17
Q

what do the salivary glands contain

A 
lingual lipase (fat digestion)
salivary amylase (carbohydrate digestion)

food mixed with saliva (aq secretion and digestive enzymes)

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18
Q

what do intrinsic muscles of the tongue do

A

fine motor control and moving food

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19
Q

what do extrinsic muscles of the tongue do

A

gross movement of tongue (in, out, up and down)

assists with mechanical digestion

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20
Q

how far does the trachea run

A

C5 - T10

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21
Q

where does the oesophagus start

A

cricoid thyroid cartilage

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22
Q

how are parts of the oesophagus measured

A

by how far they are from front teeth

some of the oesophagus is in the abdomen

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23
Q

what is the oesophagus divided into

A

3rds
upper
middle
lower

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24
Q

what is the function of the oesophagus

A

conduit for food, drink and swallowed secretions from pharynx to stomach
peristalsis

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25
Q

what is the structure and function of epithelium

A

non keratinising
wear and tear, lining (can deal with extremes of temp and texture)
lubrication - mucous secreting glands (and saliva)

26
Q

what is the function and structure of muscle

A

tonically active

swallowing centre

27
Q

what separates the upper and lower oesophageal sphincter

A

the z line

28
Q

what muscle is the upper third made of

A

skeletal muscle

29
Q

what muscle is the middle third

A

skeletal and smooth muscle

30
Q

what muscle is found in the lower third of the oesophagus

A

smooth muscle

31
Q

how many stages of swallowing are there

A

4

stage 0, 1, 2, and 3

32
Q

what happens in stage 0 - oral phase

A
  • chewing and saliva prepare bolus (upper and lower sphincter closed)
  • both oesophageal sphincters are closed
33
Q

what happens in stage 1 - pharyngeal phase

A

pharyngeal musculature guides food bolus towards oesophagus

both oesophageal sphincters open

34
Q

what happens in stage 2 - upper oesophageal phase

A

upper sphincter closes
superior circular muscle rings contract
inferior rings dilate
sequential contractions of longitudinal muscle

35
Q

what happens in stage 3 - lower oesophageal phase

A

lower sphincter closes as food passes through

36
Q

what is reflux prevented by

A

the diaphragm

37
Q

describe the epithelial transition

A

lining changes (stomach lined with simple columnar and oesophagus - stratified squamous)

38
Q

what are gastric folds called

A

rugae

allows element of expansion and aids with digestion

39
Q

what are the functions of the stomach

A
  • breaks food into smaller particles (acid and pepsin)
  • holds food, releasing it in a controlled steady rate into the duodenum
  • kill parasites and certain bacteria
40
Q

what is found in cardia and pyloric region

A

mucus

41
Q

what is found in the body and fundus

A

mucus

HCL and pepsinogen

42
Q

what do G cells in the antrum produce and what does it invaginate into

A

gastrin

invaginates into mucosa - tubular glands

43
Q

how much acid is produced daily

A

2L/day

44
Q

what is the conc of acid produced by the stomach

A

150 mM H+

3 mill x that of in the blood

45
Q

what does mucin do and what does it have trapped inside

A

provides a gel coating (lubricating)

HCO3- is trapped in mucus gel

46
Q

what is the pH at epithelial surfaces

A

6-7

47
Q

what is the pH at the lumen

A

1-2

48
Q

what is peristalsis

A 
20% stomach contractions
propels chyme towards colon
more powerful as moves from LOS to pyloric sphincter 
ANS essential
autonomic function
49
Q

what is segmentation

A 
80% stomach contractions
weaker
- fluid chyme towards pyloric sphincter
- solid chyme pushed back to body
- stretching activates enteric NS
- activated by stretch receptors located locally in stomach
50
Q

what do gastric chief cells do

A 
protein secreting epithelial cell
secrete pepsinogen
abundant RER
golgi packaging and modifying for export
masses of apical secretion granules
51
Q

what do parietal cells contain in their resting state

A 
many mitochondria (requires lots of ATP)
internal canaliculi (secretory surface - intracellular in resting state)
cytoplasmic tubulovesicles (contains H+/K+ ATPase)
52
Q

what do parietal cells contain in their secreting phase

A

microvilli project into canaliculi
tubulovesicles fuse with membrane
make HCl

53
Q

how do parietal cells make HCl

A

1) carbon dioxide diffuses into cell
2) combines with carbonic anhydrase
3) mixes with water > hydrogen and bicarb ions
4) sodium potassium pump on basolateral membrane
5) K enters > through channel in apical membrane >canaliculi
6) sodium leaves
7) bicarbonate leaves cell by transporter
8) chloride comes in and goes through own transported in apical membrane and can
enter canaliculi
9) ATP process - H+ ion produced goes out across the pump and K+ comes back in
exchange
10) H+ and Cl- forms = hydrochloric acid

54
Q

what is pepsinogen

A

secreted in inactive form
acid breaks it down into pepsin - active
secreted by gastric chief cells

55
Q

where is gastrin produced

A

pyloric antrum

56
Q

what does gastrin do

A

reaches parietal cell via systemic circulation
stimulated by distension, small peptides and amino acids, stimulation of vagus nerves
acts on receptors on parietal cells
stimulates histamine release from chromaffin cells (lamina propria)

57
Q

what are the phases of gastric secretion

A

cephalic phase
gastric phase
intestinal phase

58
Q

what happens in cephalic phase

A

thought, sight, smell and tastes of food (conditioned)
vagus nerve activated
gastrin released and acts on parietal cells and histamine
acetylcholine is involved

59
Q

what happens in the gastric phase

A

food in stomach - stretch and chemoreceptors
HCl and pepsinogen
chemoreceptors activate secretion of acid (release of gastrin > release of acid)

60
Q

what happens in the intestinal phase

A

excitatory intestinal phase - protein concentration in duodenum stimulates gastrin secretion
local peptides released in duodenum - gastric inhibitory peptide, cholecystokinin, secretin
enterogastrones - enterogastric reflex

61
Q

what are some useful drugs to decrease acid secretion

A

omeprazole
ranitidine - H2 receptor = blocked
chyme fatty acid content

bioregulatory systems 🦠 (54 decks)

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