Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bioregulatory systems 🦠 > control of lung function > Flashcards

control of lung function Flashcards

1
Q

where does control of lung function occur

A

medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

there are 4 groups of _ that are important to the generational control of the intrinsic rate and rhythm of breathing

A

nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the 4 groups of nuclei

A

dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group
apneustic centre
pneumotaxic centre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does the dorsal respiratory group do

A
  • inspiratory centre
  • main controller of inspiration
  • set the “rate”
  • posterior/dorsal
  • works synergistically and antagonistically with ventral respiratory group
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does the ventral respiratory group do

A
  • expiratory centre
  • inactive during quiet breathing - not activating muscle
  • inhibit apneustic centre
  • more anteriorly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does the apneustic centre do

A
  • stimulates activity in DRG
  • inhibited by pulmonary afferents
  • associated with inspiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does the pneumotaxic centre do

A

the “inspiratory off switch”
- regulates depth and freq
associated with expiration
regulates depth and frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does DIVE stand for

A

dorsal inspire

ventral expire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

whats the tea between the groups

A

dorsal and ventral respiratory groups inhibit/inactivate each other
ventral inhibits apneustic centre
pneumotaxic inhibits DRG
apneustic stimulates DRG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe quiet breathing

A

action potentials come in at given amplitude and set frequency
frequency increases until it activates the pneumotaxic centre
creates a cessation (stop of rhythm)
inspiration stops occuring
after a period of latency - the apneustic centre can program that rhythm into the dorsal RG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

in between vertebrae there are..

A

spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what do C3/4/5 spinal nerves become

A

one phrenic nerve - the main motor nerve that goes to the diaphragm
C3/4/5 keeps the diaphragm alive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what muscles are found between ribs

A

internal and external intercostal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what muscles attach to lateral aspects of the ribs and are responsible for inspiration

A

external intercostal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what muscles are responsible for expiration

A

internal intercostal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

does the blood brain barrier also have continuous capillaries

A

yes but a tight junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does carbon dioxide and water make

A

carbonic acid which then goes to protons and bicarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what do the protons do

A

drive breathing as it is a product of metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

because protons and bicarbonate are charged, what can’t they do

A

unable to cross/diffuse over lipid bilayer of endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

as protons and bicarbonate exits in equilibrium with dissolved CO2 - what is CO2 able to do

A

freely diffuse across and can participate in equation - protons can now interact with afferent fibres in medulla > takes signal straight to DRG > determines rate and rhythm that should be created

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

can charged/large molecules cross the BBB

A

N O

22
Q

is CO2 highly lipid soluble

A

hai

23
Q

describe how protons get to the medulla to interact with afferent fibres in the medulla to DRG

A

H+ and bicarbonate cannot pass into CSF but CO2 can
CO2 in the CSF reacts with H2O to make protons and bicarbonate
protons can get to the medulla and interact with afferent fibres taking the signal to the DRG

24
Q

what are some pulmonary afferents that affect ventilation

A

irritant receptors
stretch receptors
J receptors

25
Q

what do irritant receptors do

A

detect any foreign matter leading to coughing

afferent receptors are embedded within and beneath airway epithelium

26
Q

what is coughing

A

coughing is forceful expiration against a closed glottis with sudden glottal opening and high velocity expulsion of air

27
Q

what do stretch receptors do

A

excessive inflation of the lungs activates pulmonary stretch receptors
sends afferent signals to respiratory centres to inhibit DRG and apneustic centre and stimulate pneumotaxic VRG

28
Q

what do J receptors do

A

they are sensitive to oedema and pulmonary capillary engorgement
increasing breathing freq

29
Q

what is volitional apnoea

A 
ventilating a little
arterial oxygen and CO2 are fairly stable
breath hold
no longer replenishing O2 
decay of O2
steady accumulation of CO2
accumulation of protons beyond the BBB
stimulating the medulla to breathe in
CO2 threshold > struggle phase > ventilate
30
Q

what is the definition of an acid

A

an acid is any molecule that has a loosely bound H+ ions that it can donate

31
Q

why are H+ ions called protons

A

a H atom with a -1 valency has no electrons or neutrons

32
Q

what happens when there’s a greater conc of H+

A

lower pH

33
Q

why must the acidity of blood be tightly regulated

A

changes the 3D structure of proteins (enzymes, hormones, protein channels) - tertiary and quaternary

34
Q

what is a base

A

an anionic (negatively charged ion) molecule capable of reversibly binding protons (to reduce the amount that are free)

35
Q

equation for H2O and CO2 relating to H2CO3

A

H2O + CO2 <> H2CO3 <> H+ + HCO3-

36
Q

how do you work out [H+]

A

[H+] = 10^-pH

37
Q

what does alkalemia mean

A

refers to higher than normal pH of blood

38
Q

what is acidaemia

A

refers to lower than normal pH of blood

39
Q

what is alkalosis

A

describes circumstances that will decrease [H+] and increase pH

40
Q

what is acidosis

A

describes circumstances that will increase [H+] and decrease pH

41
Q

what can changes in ventilation stimulate

A

a rapid compensatory response to change CO2 elimination and therefore alter pH (ventilation)

42
Q

what do changes in HCO3- and H+ retention and secretion do

A

in the kidneys - can stimulate a slow compensatory response to increase/decrease pH (metabolic)

43
Q

what will an acidosis need to correct

A

an alkalosis

44
Q

what will an alkalosis need to correct

A

acidosis

45
Q

where are peripheral chemoreceptors

A

positioned near the carotid baroreceptors (sensitive to changes in blood pressure)

46
Q

what do carotid bodies in the aortic arch do

A

provide feedback to brain

47
Q

where are aortic bodies found

A

in aortic arch

48
Q

where are specialised cells/chemoreceptors located

A

at the bifurcation of the carotid arteries in specialised places called carotid bodies

49
Q

emotional change to ventilation

A

higher brain centres and special senses > emotional response > respiratory control centre

50
Q

breathing during exercise

A

efferents from primary motor cortex to gross skeletal musculature partly innervate medulla
proprioceptive afferents from muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs innervate medulla on the way to the brain
belly of muscle and tendon
muscle fibres lengthening and shortening is picked up > stimulates ventilation

51
Q

effects of skin afferents on breathing

A 
cold surge - central reflex of deep breathing 
to do with nerve endings in skin
immersion in cold water <10 degrees
ventilatory
inspiratory gasp/hyperventilation

bioregulatory systems 🦠 (54 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions