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bioregulatory systems 🦠 > cardiovascular disorders > Flashcards

cardiovascular disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what is heart failure

A

the heart is unable to maintain adequate circulation for metabolic requirements of body

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2
Q

what is decreased systolic function

A

reduced ejection fraction
EF > or equal to 40% = decreased systolic function
weakened heart muscle - left ventricle
less able to pump

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3
Q

what is decreased diastolic function

A

preserved ejection fraction
EF > or equal to 50% decreased diastolic function
diastolic heart failure
smaller area for blood in left ventricle but still gets pumped out

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4
Q

underlying causes for heart failure

A

secondary to cardiac damage

ischaemia, myopathy, hypertension, valve disease

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5
Q

signs and symptoms for heart failure

A

exertional dyspnoea

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6
Q

tests for heart failure

A

blood test

elevated brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and chest X ray - cardiomegaly

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7
Q

treatments for heart failure

A

drugs reducing exertional pressure on heart

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8
Q

what does an enlarged QRS complex show

A

heart failure

due to increased muscle mass on heart > increased electrical current

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9
Q

what is atrial fibrillation

A

disorganised electric activity and contraction
uncoordinated activity
absence of p wave caused from electrical stimulation from SAN to AV node

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10
Q

what is Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW)

A 
syndrome causing tachycardia and abnormal cardiac electrical conductance
accessory pathway (most common in left ventricle) causes pre-excitation of QRS
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11
Q

what are underlying causes for atrial fibrillation

A

spontaneously active cells throughout the atria - uncoordinated pacemaker currents in the atria

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12
Q

what are underlying causes for WPW

A

additional accessory conduction pathway (the bundle of Kent) between the atria and the ventricles

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13
Q

what are some signs and symptoms for atrial arrythmias

A

paliptations and chest pain

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14
Q

absent p waves and irregularly irregular rhythm shows..

A

atrial fibrillation

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15
Q

what does QRS pre excitation and biphasic/inverted T wave on ECG show

A

Wolff-Parkison-white

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16
Q

what are some treatment options for atrial fibrillation

A

strategies to maintain sinus rhythm (eg cardioversion, anti-arrhythmics, catheter ablation)

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17
Q

what are some treatment options for WPW

A

benign - no treatment required

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18
Q

what is 1st degree block

A

slowing down of conduction through AV node (blockage at AV node) due to current slowing down AV node

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19
Q

what is 2nd degree block

A

reduced transmission of signal from atria to ventricles

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20
Q

what is 3rd degree block

A

complete block of current from atria to ventricles

21
Q

what are the underlying causes for conduction block

A

damage (fibrosis, calcification, necrosis) to the conduction system (AV node of His purkinje system)

22
Q

what does increased PR interval on ECG show

A

1st degree block

23
Q

what does increased PR interval or missing QRS complexes

A

2nd degree block

24
Q

what do p waves not followed by QRS complexes show

A

3rd degree block

25
Q

what are treatments for conduction block

A

discontinuation of AV blocking drugs (eg beta blockers, calcium channel blockers)
or pacemaker implantation in severe cases

26
Q

what is hypertension

A

clinical BP > or equal to 140/90 mmHg and ambulatory BP daytime average > or equal to 135/88 mmHg for prolonged period

27
Q

what are the underlying primary and secondary causes of hypertension

A

primary - unknown

secondary - resulting from another medical condition (kidney disease, adrenal disease)

28
Q

what are some treatments for hypertension

A

lifestyle changes followed by anti hypertensive medication

29
Q

what are some acute coronary syndromes

A

angina
non ST elevated myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)
ST elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI)

30
Q

what is angina

A

chest pain due to myocardial ischaemia caused by atherosclerosis

31
Q

what is NSTEMI

A

non ST elevated myocardial infarction
myocardial tissue damage due to prolonged ischaemia caused by atherosclerosis and artery blockage - small occlusion of coronary artery

32
Q

what is a STEMI

A

ST elevated myocardial infarction
serious myocardial tissue damage due to prolonged ischaemia caused by severe atherosclerosis and complete artery blockage/occlusion

33
Q

what are underlying causes for angina

A

atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary artery causing ischaemia

34
Q

what are underlying causes for NSTEMI

A

artery blockage

35
Q

what are underlying causes for STEMI

A

complete artery blockage

36
Q

what does an ST depression/no changes and high troponin levels indicate

A

NSTEMI

37
Q

what does ST elevation with reciprocal ST depression and high troponin levels indicate

A

STEMI

38
Q

what are treatments for angina

A

vasodilators

39
Q

what are treatments for NSTEMI

A 
coronary stents
antiplatelets 
vasodilators
antiemetics
oxygen and pain relief
40
Q

what are some treatments for STEMI

A 
coronary stents
antiplatelets
vasodilators
antiemetics
oxygen and pain relief
41
Q

how can you show one heartbeat/interval/HR on an ECG

A

from one point to another eg RR interval

42
Q

what does hypertrophy of the left ventricle show up as on an ECG

A

larger QRS complex

larger ventricle = larger electrical signal

43
Q

what is most likely caused by angiotensin 2 (potent vasoconstrictor)

A

increased afterload resulting from the impaired ventricular function in heart failure is most likely caused by angiotensin 2
afterload is determined by blood pressure
increased blood pressure = increased afterload

44
Q

what also causes vasoconstriction but is less potent than angiotensin 2

A

noradrenaline

45
Q

can pregnant women use ACEs

A

NO

46
Q

if an accessory pathway was found in the right atrium and ventricle instead of the left atrium and ventricle for WPW would the ECG traces be the same

A

yeees

47
Q

what does AV block prolong

A

the PR interval

48
Q

what does no QRS indicate

A

2nd degree heart block

49
Q

what wave shows ventricular repolarisation/relaxation

A

T wave

bioregulatory systems 🦠 (54 decks)

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