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Respiratory System > Ventilation and Compliance > Flashcards

Ventilation and Compliance Flashcards

1
Q

Tidal Volume is

A

The volume of air breathed in or out of lungs at each breath

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2
Q

ERV stands for

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume

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3
Q

ERV is

A

Max. volume of air which can be expelled from lungs at the end of a normal expiration

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4
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume is

A

The max. volume of air which can be drawn into the lungs at the end of normal inspiration

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5
Q

Residual Volume is

A

The volume of gas in the lungs at the end of maximal expiration

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6
Q

Vital Capacity can be calculated using what equation?

A

VC = TV + IRV + ERV

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7
Q

Vital Capacity + Residual Volume (VC + RV) can be used to calculate

A

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

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8
Q

Inspiratory Capacity can be calculated using what equation?

A

IC = TV + IRV

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9
Q

FRC is

A

Functional Residual Capacity

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10
Q

FRC can be calculated using what equation?

A

FRC = ERV + RV

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11
Q

FRV 1 is

A

Forced Expired Volume in 1 second

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12
Q

The volume of gas occupied by the conducting airways is known as

A

Anatomical dead space

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13
Q

Pulmonary ventilation is

A

total movement of air into and out of lungs

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14
Q

Alveolar ventilation is

A

the volume of fresh air getting into alveoli and therefore available for gas exchange

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15
Q

Anatomical dead space volume is

A

150ml

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16
Q

Which is more functionally significant - pulmonary or alveolar ventilation?

A

Alveolar

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17
Q

In a normal adult, TV is

A

500ml (tidal volume)

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18
Q

In hypoventilation, does respiratory rate increase, decrease or stay the same?

A

Respiratory rate increases

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19
Q

Total pulmonary ventilation in hypoventilation is

A

Normal

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20
Q

Tidal volume is increased in

A

Hyperventilation

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21
Q

Air to alveoli volume is decreased in

A

Hypoventilation

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22
Q

Alveolar ventilation is decreased in

A

Hypoventilation

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23
Q

Partial pressure increases with increasing

A

Concentration of gas mixture

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24
Q

Partial pressure is expressed in units

A

mmHg / kPa

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25
Q

During hyperventilation, partial pressure of oxygen is

A

Increased

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26
Q

During hyperventilation, partial pressure of carbon dioxide is

A

Increased

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27
Q

When alveolar ventilation is increased, partial pressure of carbon dioxide is

A

Decreased

28
Q

What type of alveolar cells secrete surfactant fluid?

A

Type II

29
Q

Which type of alveolar cells are thin walled to permit gas exchange?

A

Type I

30
Q

Without surfactant, the inwardly directed pressure in alveoli would cause them to

A

Collapse

31
Q

What are the functions of surfactant?

A

Reduce surface tension on alveolar surface membrane
Reduce tendency for alveoli to collapse/lungs to recoil
Decrease work of breathing
Increase lung compliance (stretchability)

32
Q

Is surfactant more effective in large or small alveoli?

A

Small

33
Q

Surface tension occurs whenever there is an

A

Air-water interface

34
Q

Surface tension refers to the attraction between

A

water molecules

35
Q

The equation for calculating surface tension is

A

P=2T / r

inwardly directed pressure = 2 x surface tension / radius of alveoli

36
Q

Compliance is

A

the change in volume relative to the change in pressure

37
Q

With what level of compliance would a large increase in lung volume for a small decrease in intrapleural pressure be seen?

A

High compliance

38
Q

Does compliance give information on the expiratory phase?

A

No

39
Q

What level of compliance should be seen in healthy lungs?

A

High compliance

40
Q

What level of compliance would be seen in cystic fibrosis patients?

A

Low compliance

41
Q

In cystic fibrosis, lung expansion is made more difficult due to?

A

The increased laying down of fibrous tissue

42
Q

In the early inspiratory phase, what two things need to be overcome?

A

Surface tension

Elastic recoil

43
Q

The rapid movement of air out of the lungs after the early phase of expiration is due to?

A

Compression of airways

44
Q

As the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, the resistance of the airways

A

Increases

45
Q

Is a larger or smaller pressure needed to overcome the resistance as the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases?

A

Larger

46
Q

The effort of inspiration is normally recovered as

A

elastic recoil during expiration

47
Q

In health, is expiration an active or passive process?

A

Passive

48
Q

What effect does Emphysema have on expiration?

A

It increases the difficulty of expiration, effort is required to expire

49
Q

Does Fibrosis increase the effort of inspiration or expiration?

A

Inspiration

50
Q

Compliance and alveolar resistance decrease with height from

A

The base to the apex of the lung

51
Q

Alveoli are more inflated at what part of the lung?

A

Apex

52
Q

At the base of the lung, alveoli are compressed between

A

the weight of the lung above and the diaphragm below

53
Q

At the base of the lung, are alveoli more compliant on expiration or inspiration?

A

Inspiration

54
Q

At the base of the lung, what change in volume is brought about by a small change in intrapleural pressure compared with at the apex?

A

A larger change in volume

55
Q

Is increased airway resistance seen with obstructive or restrictive lung disorders?

A

Obstructive

56
Q

Give an example of an obstructive lung disorder

A

Asthma

COPD - Chronic Bronchitis, Emphysema

57
Q

Is loss of airway compliance seen in obstructive or restrictive lung disorders?

A

Restrictive

58
Q

Give an example of a restrictive lung disorder

A

Fibrosis
Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Oedema
Pneumothorax

59
Q

Spirometry is a technique used to measure

A

Lung function

60
Q

Measurements in spirometry can be classed as what?

A

Static or Dynamic

61
Q

Spirometry measurements where the only consideration made is the volume exhaled is classed as

A

Static

62
Q

Spirometry measurements where the time taken to exhale a certain volume is being measured is classed at

A

Dynamic

63
Q

What effect is there on FEV, FVC and FEV1/FVC ratio in obstructive lung disorders, e.g. COPD?

A

FEV - greatly decreased
FVC - decreased
FEV1/FVC ratio -decreased

64
Q

What effect is there on FEV, FVC and FEV1/FVC ratio in restrictive lung disorders e.g. pulmonary fibrosis?

A

FEV - decreased
FVC - decreased
FEV1/FVC ratio - remains constant or increases

65
Q

Is a normal FEV1/FVC ratio be indicative of health?

A

No

66
Q

The Forced Expired Flow is the

A

average expired flow over the middle of an FVC

Respiratory System (17 decks)

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