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Respiratory System > Ventilation and Compliance > Flashcards

Ventilation and Compliance Flashcards

1
Q

Tidal Volume is

A

The volume of air breathed in or out of lungs at each breath

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2
Q

ERV stands for

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume

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3
Q

ERV is

A

Max. volume of air which can be expelled from lungs at the end of a normal expiration

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4
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume is

A

The max. volume of air which can be drawn into the lungs at the end of normal inspiration

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5
Q

Residual Volume is

A

The volume of gas in the lungs at the end of maximal expiration

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6
Q

Vital Capacity can be calculated using what equation?

A

VC = TV + IRV + ERV

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7
Q

Vital Capacity + Residual Volume (VC + RV) can be used to calculate

A

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

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8
Q

Inspiratory Capacity can be calculated using what equation?

A

IC = TV + IRV

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9
Q

FRC is

A

Functional Residual Capacity

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10
Q

FRC can be calculated using what equation?

A

FRC = ERV + RV

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11
Q

FRV 1 is

A

Forced Expired Volume in 1 second

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12
Q

The volume of gas occupied by the conducting airways is known as

A

Anatomical dead space

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13
Q

Pulmonary ventilation is

A

total movement of air into and out of lungs

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14
Q

Alveolar ventilation is

A

the volume of fresh air getting into alveoli and therefore available for gas exchange

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15
Q

Anatomical dead space volume is

A

150ml

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16
Q

Which is more functionally significant - pulmonary or alveolar ventilation?

A

Alveolar

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17
Q

In a normal adult, TV is

A

500ml (tidal volume)

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18
Q

In hypoventilation, does respiratory rate increase, decrease or stay the same?

A

Respiratory rate increases

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19
Q

Total pulmonary ventilation in hypoventilation is

A

Normal

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20
Q

Tidal volume is increased in

A

Hyperventilation

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21
Q

Air to alveoli volume is decreased in

A

Hypoventilation

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22
Q

Alveolar ventilation is decreased in

A

Hypoventilation

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23
Q

Partial pressure increases with increasing

A

Concentration of gas mixture

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24
Q

Partial pressure is expressed in units

A

mmHg / kPa

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25
During hyperventilation, partial pressure of oxygen is
Increased
26
During hyperventilation, partial pressure of carbon dioxide is
Increased
27
When alveolar ventilation is increased, partial pressure of carbon dioxide is
Decreased
28
What type of alveolar cells secrete surfactant fluid?
Type II
29
Which type of alveolar cells are thin walled to permit gas exchange?
Type I
30
Without surfactant, the inwardly directed pressure in alveoli would cause them to
Collapse
31
What are the functions of surfactant?
Reduce surface tension on alveolar surface membrane Reduce tendency for alveoli to collapse/lungs to recoil Decrease work of breathing Increase lung compliance (stretchability)
32
Is surfactant more effective in large or small alveoli?
Small
33
Surface tension occurs whenever there is an
Air-water interface
34
Surface tension refers to the attraction between
water molecules
35
The equation for calculating surface tension is
P=2T / r | inwardly directed pressure = 2 x surface tension / radius of alveoli
36
Compliance is
the change in volume relative to the change in pressure
37
With what level of compliance would a large increase in lung volume for a small decrease in intrapleural pressure be seen?
High compliance
38
Does compliance give information on the expiratory phase?
No
39
What level of compliance should be seen in healthy lungs?
High compliance
40
What level of compliance would be seen in cystic fibrosis patients?
Low compliance
41
In cystic fibrosis, lung expansion is made more difficult due to?
The increased laying down of fibrous tissue
42
In the early inspiratory phase, what two things need to be overcome?
Surface tension | Elastic recoil
43
The rapid movement of air out of the lungs after the early phase of expiration is due to?
Compression of airways
44
As the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, the resistance of the airways
Increases
45
Is a larger or smaller pressure needed to overcome the resistance as the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases?
Larger
46
The effort of inspiration is normally recovered as
elastic recoil during expiration
47
In health, is expiration an active or passive process?
Passive
48
What effect does Emphysema have on expiration?
It increases the difficulty of expiration, effort is required to expire
49
Does Fibrosis increase the effort of inspiration or expiration?
Inspiration
50
Compliance and alveolar resistance decrease with height from
The base to the apex of the lung
51
Alveoli are more inflated at what part of the lung?
Apex
52
At the base of the lung, alveoli are compressed between
the weight of the lung above and the diaphragm below
53
At the base of the lung, are alveoli more compliant on expiration or inspiration?
Inspiration
54
At the base of the lung, what change in volume is brought about by a small change in intrapleural pressure compared with at the apex?
A larger change in volume
55
Is increased airway resistance seen with obstructive or restrictive lung disorders?
Obstructive
56
Give an example of an obstructive lung disorder
Asthma | COPD - Chronic Bronchitis, Emphysema
57
Is loss of airway compliance seen in obstructive or restrictive lung disorders?
Restrictive
58
Give an example of a restrictive lung disorder
Fibrosis Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome Oedema Pneumothorax
59
Spirometry is a technique used to measure
Lung function
60
Measurements in spirometry can be classed as what?
Static or Dynamic
61
Spirometry measurements where the only consideration made is the volume exhaled is classed as
Static
62
Spirometry measurements where the time taken to exhale a certain volume is being measured is classed at
Dynamic
63
What effect is there on FEV, FVC and FEV1/FVC ratio in obstructive lung disorders, e.g. COPD?
FEV - greatly decreased FVC - decreased FEV1/FVC ratio -decreased
64
What effect is there on FEV, FVC and FEV1/FVC ratio in restrictive lung disorders e.g. pulmonary fibrosis?
FEV - decreased FVC - decreased FEV1/FVC ratio - remains constant or increases
65
Is a normal FEV1/FVC ratio be indicative of health?
No
66
The Forced Expired Flow is the
average expired flow over the middle of an FVC

Respiratory System (17 decks)

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