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Respiratory System > Upper Respiratory Tract Infections > Flashcards

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What is an upper respiratory tract infection?

A

An infectious process of the sinuses, nasal passages, pharynx or larynx

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2
Q

What is an inflammation of the nasal cavity known as?

A

Rhinitis

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3
Q

Nasopharyngitis is more commonly known as

A

the common cold

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4
Q

Epiglottitis is the inflammation of

A

the upper portion of the larynx or the epiglottis

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5
Q

Pharyngitis is the inflammation of

A

the pharynx, uvula and tonsils

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6
Q

What is an inflammation of the larynx and trachea known as?

A

Laryngotracheitis

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7
Q

Most URTIs are caused by viral infections and are

A

self-limiting

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8
Q

How are URTIs spread?

A

Person-person by inhaling or having other contact with respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing

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9
Q

What causes a URTI?

A

Direct invasion of the inner lining of the upper airway by a virus or bacteria

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10
Q

What physical barriers are present in the upper respiratory tract to protect against URTI?

A
  • Hair lining the nose
  • Mucous inside nasal cavity
  • Cilia lining trachea
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11
Q

What immune barriers do we have in the upper respiratory tract to protect against URTI?

A

Adenoids and tonsils

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12
Q

Viruses an bacteria adapt various mechanisms to

A

resist destruction

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13
Q

What can viruses/bacteria do to resist destruction?

A
  • Produce toxins
  • Change shape or outer structural proteins
  • Produce adhesion factors (bacteria)
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14
Q

Viruses which infect with fewer numbers than others are

A

more pathogenic

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15
Q

What is the incubation period for Rhinoviruses?

A

1-5 days

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16
Q

What is the incubation period for Influenza and Parainfluenza viruses?

A

1-4 days

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17
Q

What is the incubation period for Pertussis?

A

7-21 days

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18
Q

Give a risk factor for URTI

A
  • Physical/close contact with infected people
  • Poor hand hygiene
  • Smoking
  • Immunocompromised patients
  • Anatomical abnormalities e.g. facial trauma
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19
Q

Give 3 common symptoms of URTI

A
  • nasal congestion
  • runny nose
  • nasal breathing
  • sneezing
  • sore/scratchy throat and painful swallowing
  • cough
  • malaise
  • fever (commonly in children)
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20
Q

Give 3 less common symptoms of URTI

A
  • halitosis
  • hyposmia (poor smelling sensation)
  • headache
  • dyspnoea
  • sinus pain
  • itchy watery eyes
  • nausea/vomiting/diarrhoea
21
Q

After how long should a patient with a URTI see a doctor?

A
  • When symptoms last more than two weeks or are severe and worsening
  • If URTI is recurrent
  • When breathing/swallowing is impaired
22
Q

How long do symptoms of a URTI normally last?

A

3-14 days

23
Q

Lab testing in URTIs would be appropriate under what circumstances?

A
  • suspected strep throat
  • possible bacterial infection
  • prolonged symptoms
  • suspected Ebstein-Barr virus
24
Q

URTIs are not normally treated with

A

antibiotics

25
Q

What general measures can be taken to treat a self-limiting URTI?

A
  • rest
  • increased fluid intake
  • non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for pain/fever
26
Q

What medication may be taken to treat nasal congestion?

A

Decongestants

27
Q

When taken incorrectly or when they are not needed, antibiotics might promote

A

bacterial resistance and secondary infections

28
Q

First line antibiotics may be given for 5-7 days to treat Rhinosinusitis in what circumstances?

A
  • if symptoms persist without improving for more than 10 days
  • if symptoms are sever or worsening over a period of 3 or more days
29
Q

What is the treatment for epiglottitis?

A
  • admission to hospital
  • IV antibiotics after collecting culture specimens
  • steroids if severe
  • IV fluids
30
Q

What antibiotic would be given to treat streptococcus pyogenes (group a strep)?

A

Oral penicillin or amoxicillin (for 10 days)

  • first generation cephalosporin used in patients with non-anaphylactic penicillin allergy
  • clindamycin/clarithromycin/azithromycin for penicillin-allergic patients
31
Q

What complication might arise from Epiglottitis?

A

Respiratory compromise

32
Q

What effect will a URTI have on a patient with an underlying chronic lung disease?

A

Worsening of underlying disease

33
Q

Spread of a URTI to the heart can cause

A

Pericarditis/Myocarditis

34
Q

What measures can be taken to improve the immune system in order to help prevent URTI?

A
  • smoking cessation
  • reducing stress
  • adequate/balanced diet
  • regular exercise
35
Q

The flu vaccine is especially recommended for what groups of people?

A
  • elderly
  • people with chronic medical conditions
  • health care workers
36
Q

Give 3 common viral infective agents in URTIs in children

A
  • adenovirus
  • influenza (A, B)
  • Parainfluenza (I, III)
  • RSV
  • Rhinovirus
37
Q

Give 3 common bacterial infective agents in URTIs in children

A
  • Haemophilus Influenzae
  • Moraxella catarrhalis
  • Staph aureus
  • Mycoplasma
  • Streptococci
38
Q

Give a common, beta haemolytic, bacterial infective agent in URTIs in children

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

39
Q

Give a common, non-haemolytic, bacterial infective agent in URTIs in children

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

40
Q

The “Illness Index” of a child allows you to do what?

A

Determine what stage of an infection a child is at i.e. whether they are at their worst, will get worse or are past the worst

41
Q

What changes can occur due to Rhinovirus that can cause a cold to lead to a more serious condition?

A

Rhinovirus changes harmful bacteria living symbiotically in our system to an invasive organism

42
Q

Give an illness of which Rhinitis may be a prodrome

A
  • pneumonia
  • bronchiolitis
  • meningitis
  • septicaemia
43
Q

What effect does otitis media have on the ear drum?

A
  • erythema occurs on ear drum

- spontaneous rupture of ear drum

44
Q

Otitis media may occur as a secondary infection with what?

A
  • Pneumococcus

- H. influenzae

45
Q

Tonsillitis may be difficult to treat as it is hard to distinguish whether it is

A

bacterial or viral

46
Q

What antibiotic is used to treat bacterial tonsillitis in children?

A

10 days penicillin

47
Q

Is epiglottitis rare or common?

A

Rare

48
Q

What antibiotics would be used to treat Croup in children?

A

Oral dexamethasone

Respiratory System (17 decks)

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