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Respiratory System > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

The pre-embryonic phase of human development occurs between what weeks of development?

A

0-3

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2
Q

The embryonic phase of development occurs between what weeks?

A

4-8

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3
Q

The foetal phase of development occurs between what weeks?

A

9-40

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4
Q

What is produced during Oogenesis?

A

1 ovum and 3 polar bodies

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5
Q

What is produced during spermatogenesis?

A

4 sperm

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6
Q

What is the difference between the genetic material present in sperm and ovum?

A

All ovum will have 22 chromosomes and an X chromosome, sperm will have 22 chromosomes and an X or Y chromosome

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7
Q

Are the products of meiosis genetically identical or genetically unique?

A

Genetically unique

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8
Q

When is a zygote produced?

A

When the nucleus of a sperm fuses with the nucleus of an ovum

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9
Q

Are zygotes haploid or diploid cells?

A

Diploid

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10
Q

How many sperm penetrate the ovum?

A

One

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11
Q

What is the progression between Morula, Blastocyst and Zygote in development?

A

Zygote -> Morula -> Blastocyst

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12
Q

The zygote divides to form a morula, does it divide by meiosis or mitosis?

A

Mitosis

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13
Q

The DNA for the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles comes from which parent?

A

Mother

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14
Q

What is a morula?

A

A solid ball of cells

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15
Q

Mitochondrial diseases are inherited from which parent?

A

Mother

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16
Q

What happens as the number and size of cells in the morula increases?

A
  • Getting nutrition to the central core of cells becomes more difficult
  • the blastocyst cavity forms
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17
Q

What is the name given to the outer layer of cells surrounding a blastocyst cavity and inner cell mass?

A

Trophoblast

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18
Q

How long does the first cell division take?

A

36 hours

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19
Q

As time progresses, successive cell divisions take

A

less time

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20
Q

Where in the body is the ovum fertilised?

A

Uterine tube

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21
Q

Where in the body does the ovum implant?

A

Uterine wall

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22
Q

How is the ovum transported from the ovary down the uterine tube?

A

By ciliated epithelium and fimbriae at the end of the uterine tube

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23
Q

What causes an ectopic pregnancy?

A

When the ovum gets stuck in the uterine tube

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24
Q

Where does implantation of the ovum occur?

A

In the uterine endometrial layer

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25
Q

During what week does the placenta begin to develop (generally)?

A

Week 2 (pre-embyronic phase)

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26
Q

The trophoblast helps what structures to form?

A

Sacs, membranes and umbilical cord

27
Q

What is a chorion?

A

A trophoblast which has divided and joined up with other cells

28
Q

Why is the endometrium a good environment for implantation?

A

It has a good supply of blood vessels and nutrients

29
Q

What structures of the chorion help the blastocyst to burrow into the endometrium?

A

Villi

30
Q

What layer of the uterus is the endometrium?

A

Inner layer

31
Q

After how many days (roughly) does the blastocyst begin to burrow into the uterine wall?

A

7

32
Q

What is a trophoblast?

A

The outer lining of cells around the blastocyst cavity

33
Q

Give 3 functions of the chorion

A
  • implantation process
  • forms part of the placenta
  • secretes human chorionic gonadotropin
34
Q

What hormone is used to detect pregnancy?

A

HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

35
Q

Once the blastocyst has implanted in the uterus, what is the endometrium in which the blastocyst has implanted known as?

A

Decidua basalis

36
Q

The inner cell mass is flattened to form what two layers of cells?

A

Epiblast and hypoblast

37
Q

What is the layered flat disc formed by the epiblast and hypoblast layers known as?

A

Bilaminar disc

38
Q

What two cavities start to form once the bilaminar disc is formed?

A

Amniotic cavity and yolk sac

39
Q

What is the allantoic cavity?

A

Cavity in which the waste products from the embryo are stored

40
Q

What are the main functions of the placenta?

A
  • Foetal nutrition
  • Transport of waste and gases
  • Immune
41
Q

What is the surface of the foetal part of the placenta like?

A

Smooth with foetal blood vessels and end of umbilical cord

42
Q

What is the surface of the maternal part of the placenta?

A

The decidua basalis

43
Q

At what point in development does the placenta mature?

A

18-20 weeks

44
Q

What causes fraternal/dizygotic births?

A

2 different ova released, fertilised by 2 different sperm and forming 2 different zygotes

45
Q

What causes identical/monozygotic births?

A

1 ovum released, fertilised by 1 sperm, forms 1 zygote which then divides into 2

46
Q

What is Gastrulation?

A

Formation of germ layers

47
Q

What is Neurulation?

A

Formation of neural tube

48
Q

Other than Gastrulation and Neurulation, what develops in week three of development?

A
  • somites

- early development of CVS

49
Q

What is the purpose of the axis of the embryo?

A

Distinguishes between left and right and top and bottom so organs/body structures form in the right place

50
Q

What are the germ layers formed in gastrulation?

A
  • ectoderm
  • mesoderm
  • endoderm
51
Q

What germ layer is the inner layer?

A

Endoderm

52
Q

Once the 3 germ layers are formed, cells are

A

specialised

53
Q

What is the notochord?

A

Solid tube of cells which induces the cells of the ectoderm to form the neural tube

54
Q

From what germ layer does the neural plate form?

A

Ectoderm

55
Q

The neural tube induces the mesoderm to

A

thicken

56
Q

What 3 parts does the mesoderm separate into?

A
  • paraxial mesoderm
  • intermediate plate mesoderm
  • lateral plate mesoderm
57
Q

Lateral plate mesoderm splits to form

A

a somatic and a splanchnic mesoderm

58
Q

What is the name of the space between the somatic and the splanchnic mesoderm?

A

Intraembryonic coelom

59
Q

What layer of the mesoderm forms somites?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

60
Q

What layer of the mesoderm forms the urogenital system?

A

Intermediate plate mesoderm

61
Q

What layer of the mesoderm forms the body cavities and coverings?

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

62
Q

From what germ layer is the gut formed?

A

Endoderm

63
Q

Between what weeks of development is the Organogenetic period?

A

4-8

64
Q

In what way does an embryo fold so that the ectoderm covers its full surface?

A

Laterally

Respiratory System (17 decks)

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