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Respiratory System DO > Ventilation and Compliance 1 > Flashcards

Ventilation and Compliance 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the volume of the anatomical dead space

A

Approx. 150 mL

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2
Q

What is the anatomical dead space

A

The volume of gas that is occupied by the conducting airways which is not available for gas exchange

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3
Q

What is TV

A

Tidal Volume

The volume of air breathed in and out of the lungs at each breath

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4
Q

What is ERV

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume

The maximum volume of air which can be expelled from the lungs at the end of a normal expiration

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5
Q

What is IRV

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

The maximum volume of air which can be drawn into the lungs at the end of a normal inspiration

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6
Q

What is RV

A

Residual Volume

The volume of gas in the lungs at the end of a maximal expiration

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7
Q

What is VC

A

Vital Capacity

Vital Capacity = tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume

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8
Q

What is TLC

A

Total Lung Capacity

Total Lung Capacity= vital capacity + the residual volume

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9
Q

What is IC

A

Inspiratory Capacity

Inspiratory Capacity = tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

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10
Q

What is FRC

A

Functional Residual Capacity

Functional Residual Capacity = expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

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11
Q

What is FEV1:FVC

A

Fraction of forced vital capacity expired in 1 second

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12
Q

Is pulmonary and alveolar ventilation the same

A

No

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13
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation

A

The total air movement into/out of lungs

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14
Q

What is alveolar ventilation

A

The fresh air getting to alveoli and therefore available for gas exchange

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15
Q

Is pulmonary or alveolar ventilation functionally more significant

A

Alveolar

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16
Q

Which units are used to measure pulmonary and alveolar ventilation

A

L/min

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17
Q

What is partial pressure

A

The pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases which is equivalent to the percentage of that particular gas in the entire mixture multiplied by the pressure of the whole gaseous mixture

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18
Q

What units are commonly used to express gas

A

mmHg or kPA

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19
Q

Give an example of how to calculate partial pressure

A

Atmospheric Pressure = 760mmHg
Pressure of air we breathe therefore = 760mmHg
21% of air we breathe = O2
Partial pressure of O2 in air we breathe = 21% x 760mmHg = 160mmHg

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20
Q

When is alveolar Po2 and Pco2 constant and when does it vary

A

Constant under normal conditions

Varies during hyper or hypo ventilation

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21
Q

What happens to the partial pressure during hyperventilation

A

Po2 rises to about 120 mmHg and Pco2 falls to about 20 mmHg

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22
Q

What happens to the partial pressure during hyporventilation

A

Po2 falls to 30 mmHg and Pco2 rises to 100 mmHg

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23
Q

What is surfactant

A

A detergent like fluid produced by type II alveolar cells

24
Q

What does surfactant do

A

Reduce surface tension on the alveolar surface membrane so reduces the tendency for the alveoli to collapse

25
Q

Where does surface tension occur

A

There there is an air-water interface and refers to the attraction between water molecules

26
Q

State 4 properties of surfactant

A

1) Increases lung compliance (distensibilty)
2) Reduces lung’s tendency to recoil
3) Makes work of breathing easier
4) Is more effective in small alveoli than large alveoli

27
Q

Why is surfactant more effective in small alveoli

A

Because surfactant molecules come closer together and are therefore more concentrated

28
Q

When does surfactant production begin

A

About 25 weeks gestation

Complete by about 36 weeks

29
Q

What stimulates surfactant production

A

Thyroid hormones and cortisol

30
Q

At what stage of pregnancy does thyroid hormones and cortisol increase

A

Towards the end of the pregnancy

31
Q

What do premature babies suffer from

A

Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS).

32
Q

What is compliance

A

The change in volume relative to the change in pressure

33
Q

What does compliance represent

A

The stretch ability of the lungs not the elasticity

34
Q

What does high compliance show

A

A large increase in lung volume for small decrease in ip pressure

35
Q

What does low compliance show

A

A small increase in lung volume for large decrease in ip pressure

36
Q

What is emphysema

A

The loss of elastic tissue, so expiration requires effort

37
Q

What is fibrosis

A

When fibrous tissue is inert so the effort during inspiration increases

38
Q

What happens to alveolar ventilation in the pressure volume curve

A

Declines with height from the base to apex

39
Q

What happens to compliance in the pressure volume curve

A

Declines with height from the base to apex

40
Q

Why does compliance declines with height from the base to apex in the pressure volume curve

A

The alveoli at the apex are more inflated at FRC
At the base the alveoli are compressed between the weight of the lung above and the diaphragm below so are more compliant on inspiration

41
Q

What does a small change in intrapleural pressure cause

A

A larger change in volume at the base compared with the apex.

42
Q

What are the two forms which lung disease can present as

A

Obstructive

Restrictive

43
Q

What does obstructive disease cause

A

Obstruction of airflow, especially during expiration

Increased airway resistance

44
Q

What does restrictive disease cause

A

Restriction of lung expansion

Loss of lung compliance

45
Q

Name 2 obstructive lung disorders

A

Asthma

COPD

46
Q

Name two types of COPD

A

Chronic bronchitis

Emphysema

47
Q

What is chronic bronchitis

A

Inflammation of the bronchi

48
Q

What is emphysema

A

Destruction of the alveoli, loss of elasticity

49
Q

Name some restrictive lung disorders

A

Fibrosis
Infant respiratory distress syndrome
Oedema
Pneumothorax

50
Q

What is a spirometry

A

The technique commonly used to measure lung function

51
Q

How can the spirometry measurements be classed

A

Static or dynamic

52
Q

What is a static measurement

A

Where the only consideration made is the volume exhaled

53
Q

What is a dynamic measurement

A

Where the time taken to exhale a certain volume is what is being measured

54
Q

What volumes can be measured directly by spirometery

A 
Tidal Volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Inspiratory reserve volume 
Inspiratory capacity
Vital capacity
55
Q

What is the forced expiratory volume in 1 second in fit, healthy males

A

4L

56
Q

What is the forced vital capacity in fit, healthy males

A

5L

Respiratory System DO (33 decks)

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