Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory System DO > Pathology of Obstructive Lung Diseases > Flashcards

Pathology of Obstructive Lung Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 types of obstructive airway diseases

A

Chronic Bronchitis
Emphysema
Asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Chronic Bronchitis and emphysema better known as

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is FEV1

A

The Forced Expiratory Volume of air that can exit the lung in the first second after taking a deep breath in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is FVC

A

Forced vital capacity

The final total amount of air expired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How much of FEV1 makes up FVC

A

About 70-80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the normal FEV1 in litres

A

3.5 - 4 L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the normal FVC in litres

A

5 L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the normal FEV1:FVC ratio

A

0.7-0.8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is predicted FVC based on

A

Age, sex and height

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How can the obstructed lung disease be demonstrated

A

Using PEFR (Peak Expiratory Flow Rate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a normal PEFR in litres

A

400-600 litres/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is considered the normal range for PEFR

A

80-100% of best values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is considered a moderate fall for PEFR

A

50-80% of best values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is considered a marked fall for PEFR

A

Under 50% of best values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the main limitation caused by obstructive lung disease

A

Aiflow limitations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens to the PEFR, FEV1 and FVC values in obstructive lung diseases

A

PEFR and FEV1 is reduced
FVC may be reduced
FEV1 is less than 70% of FVC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What type of hypersensitivity does bronchial asthma have

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity of the airway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What occurs in bronchial asthma

A

Simultaneous contraction of smooth muscle and inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the identifying factor of bronchial asthma

A

Its reversibility

20
Q

Why is bronchial asthma considered a reversible airway obstruction

A

As it can be reversed spontaneously or with medical intervention

21
Q

What can mimic bronchial asthma in adults

A

Chronic bronchitis

22
Q

What are the causes of chronic bronchitis and emphysema

A

Smoking
Atmospheric Pollution
Occupation: dust

23
Q

What is an extremely rare cause of emphysema

A

Alpha-1-antiprotease (antitrypsin) deficiency

24
Q

Why is chronic bronchitis more common in the elderly

A

As these conditions are caused by the buildup of pollution and smoking which will cause these individuals to become more susceptible

25
Q

Why is chronic bronchitis and emphysema more common in men

A

Due to higher patterns of smoking in men and their occupation

26
Q

In what type of countries are chronic bronchitis and emphysema increasing

A

Developing countries

27
Q

What is the clinical definition of chronic bronchitis

A

Cough productive of sputum most days in at least 3 consecutive months for 2 or more consecutive years (excludes TB, bronchiectasis etc)

28
Q

When is chronic bronchitis considered chronic

A

When it becomes mucopurulent (acute infective exacerbation) or FEV1 falls below 0.7

29
Q

What morphological changes occur in the large airways in chronic bronchitis

A

Mucous gland hyperplasia
Goblet cell hyperplasia
Minor component of inflammation and fibrosis

30
Q

What morphological changes occur in the small airways in chronic bronchitis

A

Goblet cells appear

Inflammation and fibrosis in long standing disease

31
Q

What is the pathological definition of emphysema

A

An increase beyond the normal in the size of airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole arising either from dilatation or from destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis

32
Q

What is emphysema

A

The loss of lung tissue due to the destruction of alveolar walls

33
Q

Name the 4 different types of emphysema

A

Centriacinar
Panacinar
Periacinar
Scar (‘irregular’ and ‘Bullous emphysema’)

34
Q

What is centriacinar emphysema associated with

A

Smoking

35
Q

What does centriacinar emphysema begin with

A

Bronchiolar dilatation then causes alveolar tissue to be lost

36
Q

What does panacinar emphysema cause and where is it mainly found

A

A massive loss of lung tissue and predominates in the lower zones of lungs

37
Q

What is a bulla

A

Emphysematous space greater than 1cm

38
Q

What is a bleb

A

The space just underneath the pleura

39
Q

What does periacinar emphysema tend to affect

A

The acinar that are near the pleura by forming a bleb which can burst causing a pneumothorax

40
Q

How do people with emphysema find it easier to breath

A

Find it easier to breath while retaining a small amount of air in their lungs

41
Q

What is constantly present in low levels in alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency

A

Anti-elastase

42
Q

What is increased and decreased in smoking

A 
Increased: 
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Elastases
Decreased:
Anti-elastases
Repair mechanism elastin synthesis
43
Q

How do the large airways contribute to airway obstruction in COPD

A

There is a small contribution by the glands and mucous

44
Q

How do the small airways contribute to airway obstruction in COPD

A 
Through:
Smooth muscle tone
Inflammation
Fibrosis
Partial collapse of airway walls on expiration
45
Q

Which part of the small airways in COPD is able to respond to pharmacological intervention

A

Smooth muscle tone

Inflammation

46
Q

What causes airflow limitation in emphysema

A

Loss of alveolar attachment

47
Q

What does alveolar hypoventilation cause

A

Type 2 respiratory failure

Respiratory System DO (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions