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Respiratory System DO > Pulmonary Blood Flow Gas Exchange And Transport 2 > Flashcards

Pulmonary Blood Flow Gas Exchange And Transport 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How is O2 transported from the lungs to tissues and why

A

In blood

For use in energy production

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2
Q

What happens to the waste products (CO2) of the energy production process

A

Transported from tissues to lungs in blood for removal

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3
Q

How much O2 is dissolved per litre of plasma

A

3ml

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4
Q

What does Hb in RBC do in regards to O2

A

Increases O2 carrying capactiy to 200ml/L

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5
Q

How is the bulk of CO2 transported

A

Tn various forms in solution in plasma

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6
Q

What is the arterial partial pressure of O2

A

The amount of O2 in solution and is determined by O2 solubility and the partial pressure of O2 in the gaseous phase that is driving O2 into solution

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7
Q

What are the values assigned to the partial pressure of a gas in solution equal to

A

The partial pressure in the gaseous phase that is driving that gas into solution

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8
Q

What is the value of PaO2

A

100 mmHg

Sometimes called oxygen tension

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9
Q

What is PO2 in solution equal to

A

Po2 in gaseous phase that results in that oxygen concentration in the liquid phase

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10
Q

Why do gases not travel in the gaseous phase in plasma

A

Bubbles would be present in the blood causing a fatal air embolism

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11
Q

What is the O2 demand of resting tissues

A

250ml/min

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12
Q

How do you calculate O2 delivery to tissues

A

Arterial O2 content x Cardiac output

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13
Q

How much arterial O2 is extracted by peripheral tissues at rest

A

25%

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14
Q

How much oxygen does every litre of systemic arterial blood contain

A

About 200ml with over 98% of it being bound to Hb and the rest being dissolved in plasma

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15
Q

How many molecules of oxygen does Hb bind

A

Co-operatively binds 4 molecules of oxygen

1.34ml O2 binding to each gram of Hb

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16
Q

What forms of Hb are found in RBC

A

HbA
HbA2 (where the δ chains replace β)
HbF (where γ chains replace β)
Glycosylated Hb (HbA1a, HbA1b, HbA1c)

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17
Q

How much HbA is found in RBC

A

92%

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18
Q

What is type of Hb makes up the remaining 8% of RBC

A

HbA2
HbF
Glycosylated Hb

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19
Q

What is the major determinant of the degree to which haemoglobin is saturated with oxygen

A

Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood

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20
Q

How much contact time is required with the alveoli for saturation to be complete

A

0.25s

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21
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 in plasma fundamental to

A

In determining how much O2 binds to Hb

22
Q

How much of Hb is saturated with O2 at the normal systemic arterial Po2 of 100 mmHg

A

100%

23
Q

How much of Hb is saturated with O2 at the Po2 of 60 mmHg

A

90%

24
Q

What can occur when Po2 is moderately reduced

A

A relatively normal uptake of oxygen by the blood

25
Q

How much of a reserve capacity is present at normal venous PO2

A

75%

26
Q

What has a higher affinity for O2 than HbA

A

Myoglobin

HbF (Foetal Hb)

27
Q

Why is it important that HbF and myoglobin have a higher affinity than HbA

A

So they can extract O2 from maternal/arterial blood

28
Q

What is anaemia

A

Any condition where the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is compromised

29
Q

Give examples of some types of anaemia or the causes of anaemia

A

Iron deficiency
Haemorrhage
Vitamin B12 deficiency

30
Q

What can change the affinity of Hb for O2

A

The response to certain chemical factors

31
Q

What happens to Hb affinity for oxygen when pH decreases

A

Hb affinity for O2 decreases

32
Q

What happens to Hb affinity for oxygen when pH increases

A

Hb affinity for O2 increases

33
Q

What happens to Hb affinity for oxygen when PCO2 decreases

A

Hb affinity for O2 increases

34
Q

What happens to Hb affinity for oxygen when PCO2 increases

A

Hb affinity for O2 decreases

35
Q

What happens to Hb affinity for oxygen when temperature increases

A

Hb affinity for O2 decreases

36
Q

What happens to Hb affinity for oxygen when temperature decreases

A

Hb affinity for O2 increases

37
Q

What happens to Hb affinity when it binds to 2,3-diphosphoglycerate

A

Hb affinity for O2 decreases

38
Q

What is 2,3-diphosphoglycerate synthesised by

A

Erythocytes

39
Q

In what situations does 2,3-diphosphoglycerate increase

A

Situations that are associated with inadequate oxygen supply (e.g. heart or lung disease, living at high altitude)

40
Q

What does 2,3-diphosphoglycerate help maintain

A

Oxygen release in the tissues

41
Q

Describe the structure of Hb

A

4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha, 2 beta) which are each associated with an iron containing haeme group

42
Q

What does it mean when the affinity of Hb for O2 increases

A

It is more difficult to unload O2 and helps in collecting O2 in pulmonary circulation

43
Q

What type of conditions are PCO2, pH and tempreture

A

Conditions which all exist locally in actively metabolising tissues and will facilitate the dissociation of O2 from Hb

44
Q

How can carbon monoxide (CO) be formed

A

From the incomplete combustion of carbon fuel (e.g. car exhaust fumes, faulty heating appliances, lawn mowers)

45
Q

What does CO bind to and form

A

Haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin

46
Q

What is the affinty of CO compared to O2

A

250 times greater than O2

47
Q

Why is CO a problem once it has dissolved in circulation

A

It will bind readily and dissociate very slowly

48
Q

What is the PCO of CO

A

0.4 mmHg

49
Q

What are the symptoms of CO posioning

A

Hypoxia and anaemia
Nausea and headaches
Cherry red skin and mucous membranes
Potential brain damage and death

50
Q

What happens to the respiratory rate in CO poisoning and why

A

It is unaffected due to normal arterial PCO2

51
Q

What is the treatment for CO poisoning

A

100% oxygen to increase PaO2

Respiratory System DO (33 decks)

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