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Respiratory System DO > Introduction and Anatomy of Lungs, Airways and Blood Supply > Flashcards

Introduction and Anatomy of Lungs, Airways and Blood Supply Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system

A

Gas exchange
Acid base balance
Protection from infection
Communication via speech

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2
Q

What is the function of gas exchange in the respiratory system

A

Adds oxygen to blood from air

Removes carbon dioxide from blood into air

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3
Q

What is the function of the acid base balance in the respiratory system

A

Regulation of body pH

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4
Q

How does gas exchange produce energy

A

Cellular respiration

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5
Q

What is cellular respiration

A

Producing energy by ‘burning’ oxygen and releasing energy while producing CO2 as a waste product

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6
Q

Which two systems are required for effective gas exchage

A

Respiratory

Cardiovascular

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7
Q

What is the cardiovascular system responsible for in regards to gas exchange

A

Transporting oxygen to tissues

Transporting carbon dioxide away from tissues

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8
Q

What does the integration of the respiratory and cardiovascular system allow

A

External respiration

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9
Q

What is external respiration

A

The movement of gases between the air and the body’s cells

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10
Q

In what direction does the pulmonary artery travel

A

Away from the heart

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11
Q

In what direction does the pulmonary vein travel

A

Towards the heart

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12
Q

What does pulmonary circulation do

A

Deliver CO2 to the lungs

Pick up O2

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13
Q

What is the pulmonary circulation opposite to

A

Systemic circulation

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14
Q

How many types of exchange are there

A

3

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15
Q

What occurs in exchange 1

A

Exchange between the atmosphere and lung

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16
Q

What occurs in exchange 2

A

Exchange between the lung and blood

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17
Q

What occurs in exchange 3

A

Exchange between the blood and cells (cellular respiration)

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18
Q

Give an example of when the respiratory and cardiovascular system integrate

A

During the changes that occur in exercise

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19
Q

What types of changes occur in exercise

A

Increase in energy demand by working muscle leads to:

1) Increase in rate and depth of breathing which speeds up substrate (O2) acquisition and waste disposal (CO2)
2) Increase in heart rate and force of contraction which speeds up substrate delivery to muscle via blood and waste removal via blood

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20
Q

Where does gas exchange occur

A

Lungs

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21
Q

What occurs in the gas exchange in lungs

A

O2 from inspired air moved to the blood

CO2 moves from blood to air to be expired

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22
Q

What occurs in systemic capillaries

A

O2 moves from blood to cells

CO2 moves from cells to blood

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23
Q

What occurs in a steady state

A

The net volume of oxygen exchanged in the lungs per unit time is equal to the net volume exchanged in the tissues in a steady state (this is the same for CO2)

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24
Q

What does a steady state allow

A

Prevents the build up of gas in the circulation which would hinder gas exchange
Helps to ensure supply equals demands

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25
Q

How much O2 and CO2 is consumed and produced per minute

A

About
250 ml O2 is exchanged (consumed)
200 ml CO2 exchanged (produced)

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26
Q

What is the normal breathing rate at rest

A

10-20 breaths/min

27
Q

What is the normal breathing rate at maximum exercise in adults

A

40-45 breaths/min

28
Q

What are the components of the respiratory system

A 
Nose
Pharynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Lung
Epiglottis
Larynx
29
Q

What occurs in the nose

A

Air enters the body through the nose where cilia and mucus trap particles and warm and moisten air

30
Q

What occurs in the pharynx

A

Air moves from the nose down into the pharynx or throat which is shared with the digestive system

31
Q

What occurs in the trachea

A

Air moves from the pharynx down toward the lungs through the trachea which is made up of stiff rings of cartilage that support and protect it

32
Q

What occurs in the bronchus

A

Air moves from the trachea into the right and left bronchi which lead inside the lungs

33
Q

What are the lungs

A

These are the main organs of respiration

They have a soft and spongy texture due to many thousands of tiny hollow sacs that compose them

34
Q

What is the epiglottis

A

A small flap of tissue that folds over the trachea and prevents food from entering it when you swallow

35
Q

What is the larynx

A

Voice box that contains vocal chords which vibrate to produce sound

36
Q

What can the respiratory system be split into

A

Upper respiratory system

Lower respiratory system

37
Q

What does the upper respiratory system consist of

A

Mouth
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

38
Q

What does the lower respiratory system consist of

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

39
Q

What is the lower respiratory system enclosed and bounded by

A

Enclosed in the thorax

Bounded by the ribs, spine and diaphragm

40
Q

What does the trachea branch into

A 
2 bronchi (one for each lung)
Each bronchus will branch 22 more times before terminating in a cluster of alveoli
41
Q

Describe the structure of the larynx, trachea and bronchi

A

Semi-rigid tubes

The ‘patency’ of the airway is maintained by the c-shaped rings of cartilage

42
Q

Describe the structure of bronchioles

A

No cartilage

Their patency is maintained by physical forces in the thorax

43
Q

What occurs in the alveoli

A

Only point of gas exchange

44
Q

What does the conducting zone consist of

A

Trachea, primary and smaller bronchi

45
Q

What occurs in the conducting zone

A

The most resistance to air flow

46
Q

What does the respitaory zone consist of

A

Bronchioles and alveoli

47
Q

How can the airway diameter and resistance to air flow be altered

A

By the activity of the bronchial smooth muscle

48
Q

What will a contraction cause

A

Decrease in diameter

Increases the resistance

49
Q

What will relaxation cause

A

Increase in diameter Decrease resistance

50
Q

How is a cluster of alveoli arranged

A

Surrounded by elastic fibres and a network of capillaries

51
Q

What are alveoli composed of

A

Type 1 and type 2 cells (Pneumocytes)

52
Q

What do type 1 cells do

A

Gas exchange

53
Q

What do type 2 cells do

A

Synthesise surfactant

54
Q

What do alveolar macrophages do

A

Ingest foreign materials that reach the alveoli

55
Q

Why can gas exchange only occur in the alveoli

A

They have:
Very thin walls
Large surface area

56
Q

What can gas exchange not occur in the upper airways

A

They are too thick

Their function is purely for the conduction of air to and from the alveoli

57
Q

What is the air found in the upper airways known as

A

Anatomical dead space as they cannot participate in gas exchange

58
Q

What is the respiratory tract lined with

A 
Epithelium (psuedo-stratified, ciliated, columnar)
Glands
Lymph nodes
Blood vessels (nutritive)
Ciliated
Mucous
59
Q

What changes in lining occur between the nose and alveoli

A

Epithelium becomes more squamous
Mucous cells are lost first
Cilia lost

60
Q

What are the functions of mucous

A

Moistens air
Traps particles
Provides large surface area for cilia to act on

61
Q

What does mucous consist of

A

Goblet cells and sub-epithelial glands

62
Q

Describe alveoli

A

A very rich capillary network which has elastic fibres that can recoil
The macrophages gather residual dirt and escape to the pharynx/lymph nodes

63
Q

Describe type 1 pneumocytes

A

Cover 97% of the alveolar surface with simple squamous epithelium

64
Q

Describe type 2 pneumocytes

A

Consist of phospholipids and protein
They reduce surface tension at the alveolar surface
Reduce the work of breathing

Respiratory System DO (33 decks)

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