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Respiratory System DO > TB > Flashcards

TB Flashcards

1
Q

How many people are infected with TB worldwide

A

2 billion

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2
Q

How many new cases of TB are there annually

A

8.6 million

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3
Q

How many of the new annual cases are in HIV positive patients

A

1.1 million (75% in Africa)

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4
Q

How many of the new annual cases are in children

A

530,000

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5
Q

How many deaths occur annually due to TB

A

1.3 million

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6
Q

How many of the annual deaths are in HIV positive patients

A

0.3 million

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7
Q

How many of the annual deaths are in children

A

74,000

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8
Q

How many TB cases in the UK are in London

A

39%

45 cases per 100,000

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9
Q

How many TB cases in the UK are in the West Midlands

A

11%

20 cases per 100,000

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10
Q

What is the responsible organism for TB

A

Mycobacteria

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11
Q

Where is mycobacteria ubiquitous

A

Soil

Water

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12
Q

Name two of the main TB causing organisms

A

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium Bovis

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13
Q

Is Mycobacterium Bovis still an issue

A

No

It has been eradicated through the pasteurisation of milk

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14
Q

In how many UK isolations is Mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT) found

A

30%

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15
Q

When does MOTT tend to be an issue

A

In patients with an underlying lung condition

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16
Q

Name 4 organisms that are classed under MOTT

A

Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (HIV)
M. kansasii
M. malmoense
M. xenopii

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17
Q

What bacteria causes leprosy

A

Mycobacterium Leprae

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18
Q

What is mycobacteria

A

A curved non-motile bacillus

Very slow growing

19
Q

How long is TB treatment

A

6 months

20
Q

How can mycobacteria grow

A

Aerobically

This is why it favours the apices of the lungs

21
Q

State 4 properties of mycobacteria

A

Very thick cell wall
Lipids
Peptidoglycans
Arabinomannans

22
Q

What is mycobacteria resistant to

A

Acids, alkalis and detergents

Neutrophil and macrophage destruction

23
Q

What type of dyes can complex with mycobacteria cell wall

A

Aniline based dyes such as carbol fuschin

24
Q

What other type of staining can be used on mycobactera

A

Acid and alcohol fast bacilli (Ziehl Neilson stain)

25
Q

What is open pulmonary TB

A

Cavity in the upper lobe of the lung

26
Q

Which mycobacterium causes ‘open’ pulmonary TB, coughing and sneezing

A

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

27
Q

What do the respiratory droplets of M. tuberculosis contian

A

Droplet nuclei containing mycobacteria

28
Q

How many nuclei are expelled from one cough

A

3,500

29
Q

How long do droplets remain airborne for

A

Very long periods

30
Q

What can eliminate mycobacteria

A

UV radiation

Infinite dilution

31
Q

What do the larger droplet nuclei impact on

A

Large airways

They can be cleared

32
Q

How big are the small droplet nuclei

A

Under 5 micrometers

33
Q

What do the small droplet nuclei have

A

1-3 organisms which can impact the alveoli and slowly proliferate

34
Q

Where can mycobacterium bovis be consumed from

A

Infected cow’s milk

35
Q

Where is mycobacterium bovis deposited

A

Cervical and intestinal lymph nodes

36
Q

How to macrophages in the alveoli become activated

A

Th1 cells

37
Q

What can the activated macrophage kill

A

Bacterium but causes tissue damage at the same time

38
Q

What do activated macrophages transform into

A

Epithelioid cells and then transform into Langhan’s giant cells.

39
Q

What is a granuloma

A

Accumulation of macrophages, epithelioid and Langhan’s cells

40
Q

What is an identifying factor of TB

A

Central caseating necrosis

41
Q

What 2 things does the Th1 cell mediated immunological response cause

A

Eliminates/reduces the number of invading mycobacteria

Tissue destruction due to the activation of macrophages

42
Q

Why must the outcome of infection be very finely balanced

A

As any tip of the scale can cause active disease

43
Q

What factors can affect susceptibility

A 
Genetics 
Race
Nutrition
Age
Immunosuppression
44
Q

What factors can affect infecion

A

Virulence

Number

Respiratory System DO (33 decks)

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