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Respiratory System DO > Pathology of Respiratory Tract Infections > Flashcards

Pathology of Respiratory Tract Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 factors determine a microorganisms ability to cause infection

A

Microorganism pathogenicity
Capacity to resist infection
Population at risk

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2
Q

What type of Microorganism pathogenicities are there

A

Primary, facultative or opportunistic

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3
Q

What is primary pathogenicity

A

A microorganism that is able to infect hosts at any given opportunity

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4
Q

What is faculative pathogenicity

A

A microorganism that requires some help to be able to grow

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5
Q

Where is a high amount of microorganisms with faculative pathogenicity seen

A

Clinical settings

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6
Q

What is opportunisitc pathogenicity

A

Microorganisims that will mainly affect immunocompromised individuals

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7
Q

Name 6 upper respiratory tract infections

A 
Coryza (common cold)
Sore throat syndrome
Acute laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)
Laryngitis
Sinusitis
Acute epiglottis
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8
Q

What can cause acute epiglottis

A 
Haemophilus influenzae (type b - Hib)
Group A beta-haemolytic Streptococci
Parainfluenza virus type 4 (rarely)
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9
Q

Why is acute epiglottis dangerous in babies

A

It can rapidly kill a child due to the inflamed epiglottis increasing the risk of suffocation.

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10
Q

Name 3 lower respiratory tract infections

A

Bronchitis
Bronchiolitis
Pneumonia

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11
Q

Name the 4 main respiratory tract defence mechanisms

A

Macrophage-mucociliary escalator system
General immune system
Respiratory tract secretions
Upper respiratory tract as a ‘filter’ and humidifier

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12
Q

What are the two types of immunity we have

A

Humoral and cellular immunity

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13
Q

Give an example of something in the upper respiratory tract which acts as a filter

A

Nose hairs which can catch some microorganisms

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14
Q

In what type of conditions does the mucociliary escalator system work best

A

Warm damp environments

Will not work as well when cold air is being breathed in

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15
Q

What can the macrophage-mucociliary escalator system further be split into

A

Alveolar macrophages
Mucociliary escalator
Cough reflex

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16
Q

What are the two routes of exit in the lung

A

Mucociliary escalator

Interstitial pathway

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17
Q

What process does the muctociliary escalator have

A

Moves mucus up into the mouth to be swallowed or spat out

It is vital in keeping the LRT sterile

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18
Q

What process does the interstitial pathway have

A

Uses lymph to reach the lymph nodes

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19
Q

How does clearance occur using alveolar macrophages

A

Phagocytosis

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20
Q

What are the macrophages carries along

A

Mucociliary escalator

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21
Q

What happens to the mucociliary escalator if the airway becomes blocked or surface is damaged

A

It will not be able to clear the lungs

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22
Q

What are the three ways in which pneumonia can be classified

A

Anatomical
Aetiological (circumstances)
Microbiological

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23
Q

Which of the 3 methods which can be used to classify pneumonia is the most useful

A

Aetiological

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24
Q

Which of the 3 methods which can be used to classify pneumonia is appropriate for treatment

A

Microbiological

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25
Q

Name 6 ateiological pneumonia’s

A 
Community Acquired Pneumonia
Hospital Acquired (Nosocomial) Pneumonia
Pneumonia in the Immunocompromised
Atypical Pneumonia
Aspiration Pneumonia
Recurrent Pneumonia
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26
Q

Name 6 anatomical pneumonia’s

A 
Bronchopneumonia
Segmental
Lobar
Hypostatic
Aspiration
Obstructive, Retention, Endogenous Lipid
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27
Q

In what population group is hypostatic pneumonia seen and why

A

Elderly

Their cough reflex may not be as efficient

28
Q

What is bronchopneumonia

A

An acute infection which causes acute inflammation

29
Q

How does bronchopneumoina present

A

Bilateral basal patchy opacification which relates to the focal nature of the consolidation

30
Q

What is a common co-morbidity with lobar pneumonia

A

Pleurisy

31
Q

What is the outcome of most pneumonia’s

A

Most will resolve

32
Q

What are some of the complications of pneumonia

A 
Pleural Effusion
Empyema
Pleurisy
Lung abscess
Bronchiectasis
33
Q

Name 3 things which will occur in the organisation of the lung

A

COP (cryptogenic organising pneumonia (BOOP))
Constrictive bronchiolitis
Mass lesions

34
Q

Is pneumonia able to form scar tissue

A

Yes

35
Q

What can become obstructed due to a lung abcess

A

Bronchus

36
Q

What 3 organisms can cause lung abcesses

A

Staph aureus
Some pneumococci
Klebsiella

37
Q

What can the metastasis of a lung abscess cause

A

Pyaemia

Secondary infection causing lung necrosis

38
Q

What is bronchiectasis

A

The pathological dilatation of the bronchi

39
Q

What can cause bronchietasis

A

Severe Infective Episode
Recurrent Infections - many causes
Proximal Bronchial Obstruction
Lung Parenchymal Destruction

40
Q

How many cases of bronchiectasis start in childhood

A

75%

41
Q

What are the main symptoms of bronchiectasis

A

Cough
Abundant purulent foul sputum
Haemoptysis
Signs of chronic infection

42
Q

What are some other symptoms which can occur with bronchiectasis

A

Coarse crackles and clubbing

43
Q

How can bronchiectasis be diagnosised

A

Through a thin section CT

Previously bronchography was used

44
Q

How is bronchiectasis treated

A

Postural drainage
Antibiotics
Surgery

45
Q

What could a local bronchial obstruction be caused by

A

Tumour

Foreign bodies

46
Q

What could a local pulmonary damage be caused by

A

Bronchiectasis

47
Q

What could generalised lung disease be caused by

A

Cystic fibrosis

COPD

48
Q

What can aspiration pneumonia be caused by

A 
Vomiting
Oesophageal Lesion
Obstetric Anaesthesia
Neuromuscular Disorders
Sedation
49
Q

What are opportunistic infections

A

The increased chance of ordinary infections

50
Q

What are opportunistic pathogens

A

Organisms which are not normally capable of producing disease in patients that have intact lung defences

51
Q

What causes opportunistic infections

A

Opportunistic pathogens

52
Q

Give 4 example of opportunistic pathogens

A

Low grade bacterial pathogens
Cytomegalovirus
Pneumocystis jirovecii
Other fungi and yeasts

53
Q

What is FIO2

A

Fraction of Inspired air that is Oxygen

54
Q

In what two forms can the bulk flow of the air in airways be

A

Laminar or Turbulent

55
Q

What is the airflow of air in the airways dependant on

A

Pressure difference

56
Q

What will occur beyond the terminal bronchiole

A

Diffusion through the blood-air barrier

57
Q

What is the normal PaO2 and PaCO2 levels

A 
PaO2 = 10.5 - 13.5 kPa
PaCO2 = 4.8 - 6.0 kPa
58
Q

When does type 1 respiratory failure occur

A

When PaO2 falls below 8 kPa

PaCO2 is usally normal or low

59
Q

When does type 2 respiratory failure occur

A

When PaCO2 is above 6.5 kPa

PaO2 is usually low

60
Q

What happens in type 2 respiratory failure

A

Retention of CO2

61
Q

What are the 4 abnormal states associated with hypoxaemia

A

Ventilation / Perfusion imbalance - V/Q
Diffusion impairment
Alveolar Hypoventilation
Shunt

62
Q

When does physiological pulmonary arteriolar vasoconstriction occur

A

When the alveolar oxygen tension falls

It can be a localised effect which can cause all vessels to constrict is there is arterial hypoxaemia

63
Q

How is physiological pulmonary arteriolar vasoconstriction a protective mechanism

A

It prevents blood from being sent to alveoli which are short of oxygen

64
Q

Where is ventilation/perfusion imbalance seen

A

Bronchitis/bronchopneumonia

There is some ventilation of the abnormal alveoli however it is not enough

65
Q

What will occur is severe bronchopneumonia

A

Shunt

A lobar pattern with large areas of consolidation will be seen

66
Q

How saturated is the blood which normally leaves the lung

A

98%

Respiratory System DO (33 decks)

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