Ventilation and Acidosis/ Alkalosis Flashcards
Acid - Base balance equation
CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> H+ + HCO3-
How does the equation shift give examples
CO2 increases shifts right and HCO3/H+ increase then shifts left
What is the respiratory component of acid/base equation
CO2 controlled by alveolar ventilation
what is the metabolic component of the acid/base equation
H+/ HCO3 controlled by renal excretion
Define Pulmonary Acid/base balance
CO2 regulated by tidal volume/ respiration rate
How long does Pulmonary acid/base balance take
minutes to hours
how effective is pulmonary acid/base balance
50-75% and does not completely normalize ph
Describe decrease in PH relative to pulmonary acid/base balance
Increase in tidal or respiratory rate and CO2 is exhaled and blood pH decreases
Describe Renal acid/base balance
Kidneys control pH by adjusting the amount of HCO3- by excreted or reabsorbed
reabsorption HCO3- = to excretion of free H+
How long does renal acid/base balance take
hours to days
When is Acidaemia
Serum pH <7.35
When is Alkalaemia
Serum pH >7.45
What is acidosis
acid accumulation or alkali loss
what is alkalosis
alkali accumulation or acid loss
What is respiratory acidosis/alkalosis
Changes in PCO2
What is metabolic acidosis/alkalosis
changes in HCO3-
What is single acid-base disorder (compensation)
One disturbance with compensatory mechanism
What is Mixed or complex (compensation)
two or more primary disturbances
Describe respiratory acidosis
Decrease in minute ventilation(hypoventilation) which causes increased CO2 in body >40mmHG(hypercapnia)
Increased CO2 shift equation and increase H+ ions so PH decreases
Describe respiratory alkalosis
Increase in minute ventilation(hyperventilation)
decreased CO2 in body <38mmhg(hypocapnia)
decreased CO2 shift equation and decrease H + ions so PH increases
Describe metabollic Acidosis
Gain of H+ or loss of HCO3- <24mEQ/L
Causes a decrease in PH
Describe metabolic alkalosis
Loss of H+ or Gain of HCO3- >28mEq/L
Causes a increase in PH
What is Increase in CO2 and Decrease PH
respiratory acidosis
What is decrease CO2 and increase PH
respiratory Alkalosis
What is decrease HCO3 and decrease PH
Metabolic acidosis
What is increase HCO3 and increase PH
Metabolic alkalosis
What is Shock
A condition of acute peripheral circulatory failure due to derangement of circulatory control or loss of circulating fluid. It is marked by hypotension, coldness of the skin and tachycardia
What happens to cells in shock
function is affected and left untreated cells may be damaged and die and main process in under perfusion of vital tissues and also inadequate blood supply so increase anaerobic respiration so increase CO2 and lactate
Name types of shock
Hypovolemic, distributive, cardiogenic and obstructive
What types are primary decrease in cardiac output (shock)
Cardiogenic and obstructive
Define Hypovolemic
low circulating blood volume
Give Hypovolemic shock causes
Loss of blood-trauma
Body fluids-
skin - burns and sweating
GI tract- vomiting and diarrhea
Kidneys- adrenal insufficiency
Define Distributive (shock)
Vasodilation
Examples of distributive (vasodilation)(shock)
Anaphylaxis
Bacterial infection (septic shock)
severe injury to spinal cord
medicine/poisons
