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Cardiology/Respiratory > Cardiology anatomy > Flashcards

Cardiology anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Function of chordae tendineae

A

During ventricular contraction the pressure in both ventricles increase and close the valves, the chordae tendinae tense to keep valves closed and prevent prolapse into atria

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2
Q

Why is myocardium on left ventricle thicker than right ventricle

A

left ventricle is responsible for pumping blood to all areas of body so need more muscular power and right is only to lungs

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3
Q

Why are coronary arteries openings at base of aorta

A

When valve opens openings are covered so high pressure blood doesn’t go into them.
Once pressure of blood leaving decreases aortic valve close and lower pressure backflow trickles into the coronary arteries

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4
Q

Act of valves in heart closing gives beating sound name sounds and what valve

A

Lub-dub
lub-tricuspid and mitral valve
dub- aortic and pulmonary valves

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5
Q

Function of fluid within pericardial cavity

A

lubrication for the unimpaired movement of the heart

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6
Q

If too much fluid in pericardial cavity what could occur

A

compression of heart(acute)- compress atria first as less muscular walls
pericardial effusion(fluid build up)- lead to cardiac tamponade(impairment of heart)

if builds up slow than pericardium can stretch to accommodate sum of it

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7
Q

2 subdivides of arteries

A

elastic and muscular

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8
Q

Benefit of elastic arteries

A

accommodate high pulsatile forces

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9
Q

Benefit of muscular arteries

A

allows vasocontriction and vasodilation

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10
Q

Name 2 arteries receptors

A

alpha and beta

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11
Q

Function of alpha receptors(arteries)

A

Contraction

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12
Q

Function of Beta receptors(arteries)

A

relaxation

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13
Q

Where can arterial pulses be felt-structures

A

Wherever a artery is close to surface or over bone and/or firm structures

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14
Q

Function of valves in veins

A

Prevent backflow of bloodP

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15
Q

Potential benefit of veins lacking a strong muscular wall

A

Allow greater capacitance-hold more blood without increase blood pressure

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16
Q

What is it called where areas in the body are supplied or drained by multiple vessels

A

Collateral circulation

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17
Q

Why is collateral circulation important

A

If a blood vessel is damaged or blocked it allows blood supply to be maintained to the particular area

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18
Q

3 vascular shunts exits in fetal circulation

A

Foramen ovale
Ductus arterious
ductus venosus

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19
Q

What are the 3 vascular shunts exists in fetal circulation allow

A

Allow blood to mostly bypass the liver and non-functioning lungs.

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20
Q

Where and what does foramen ovale do

A

Between the atria
blood bypasses the pulmonary circulation
closes shortly after birth

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21
Q

Where and what does ductus arteriosus do

A

Links the distal arch of aorta with pulmonary trunk
blood bypasses pulmonary circulation
becomes ligamentum arteriosum after birth

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22
Q

Where and what does ductus venous do

A

Shunts umbilical blood from the primitive liver to the IVC to ensure enough oxygen reaches the developing brain
Involutes by or just after birth

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23
Q

What is fibrous pericardium

A

tough fibrous sac surrounding serous pericardium, heart and pericardial cavity

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24
Q

What is serous pericardium

A

serous membrane forming a closed cavity (pericardial cavity)and it covers the heart (viceral)and lines the inner surface of firbous pericardial sac(parietal)

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25
Q

What is pericardial cavity

A

Potential space between visceral and parietal layers of serous pericardium
approx 1ml of yellow fluid
acts as lubricant to allow heart freedom of movemnt during contraction

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26
Q

Role of chordae Tendineae

A

Connect valve leaflets to papillary muscles

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27
Q

Function of chorda tendineae

A

Prevent valves from inverting into atria during ventricular contraction

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28
Q

Role of papillary muscles

A

Anchor chordae tendineae to ventricular walls

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29
Q

Function of papillary muscles

A

Contract to pull the chordae tendineae tight during ventricular contraction preventing valve prolapse

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30
Q

Role of interventricular septum

A

Divides right and left ventricles

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31
Q

Function of Interventricular septum

A

Prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood between two ventricles and provides structural support of heart

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32
Q

Role of Trabeculae carneae

A

Irregular muscular ridges found inside the ventricles

33
Q

Function of Trabeculae carneae

A

Help with contraction of ventricles by reducing suction and increasing efficiency of blood flow

34
Q

Role of pectinate muscles

A

Ridges of muscle found in atria especially right atrium

35
Q

Function of pectinate muscles

A

increase surface area of atrial walls and assist in contraction of atria enhancing blood flow

36
Q

Role of Moderator band(trabeculae septomarginalis)

A

A band of muscle found in the right ventricle

37
Q

Function of moderator band(trabeculae septomarginalis)

A

Provides a pathway for electrical conduction, ensuring coordinated contraction of the right ventricle and helping to stabilize the structure of the heart

38
Q

Role of Mitral valve

A

located between left atrium and left ventricle

39
Q

Function of mitral valve

A

regulated blood flow from left atrium to left ventricle and prevents backflow during ventricular contraction

40
Q

Role of tricuspid valve

A

positioned between the right atrium and right ventricle

41
Q

function of tricuspid valve

A

control blood flow from right atrium to right ventricle and prevents backflow during ventricular contraction

42
Q

Role of aortic valve

A

Located between left ventricle and aorta

43
Q

Function of aortic valve

A

Allows oxygenated blood to flow from left ventricle into the aorta and prevents backflow

44
Q

Role of pulmonary valve

A

positioned between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

45
Q

Function of pulmonary valve

A

Ensures blood flow from right ventricle into pulmonary artery and prevents backflow

46
Q

Role of myocardium

A

thick middle layer of heart muscle

47
Q

Function of myocardium

A

responsible for contraction of the heart and generate force necessary to pump blood throughout body

48
Q

Role of endocardium

A

Thin inner lining of heart chambers

49
Q

Function of endocardium

A

Provides smooth surface for blood flow within heart and plays role in regulation for heart contraction

50
Q

Role of epicardium

A

Outer layer of heart wall and also known as visceral pericadium

51
Q

Function of epicardium

A

provides a protection layer and contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics to supply heart, and acts as lubricative surface between heart and surrounding surfaces

52
Q

Role of Fossa ovalis

A

Remnant of foetal foramen ovale

53
Q

Function of Fossa ovalis

A

Visible as depression in right atrium and in foetal development allowed blood to bypass lungs then sealed after birth

54
Q

Describe ascending aorta

A

Inital part of aorta orginated from left ventricle at base of heart

55
Q

Describe aortic sinuses

A

pockets between aortic valve cusps and vessel wall
rigth and left coronary arteries arise from cranial and left sinuses respectively

56
Q

Describe aortic arch

A

continuation of ascending aorta and sends branches to head neck and thoracic limb

57
Q

Describe brachiocephalic trunk

A

first branch of the aortic arch and gives rise to carotid artery and right subclavian artery

58
Q

Describe left subclavian artery

A

Supply neck, thoracic limb and cranial portion of thoracic wall and branches as axillary artery in thoracic limb

59
Q

Describe decendign aorta

A

part of aorta caudal to arotic arch and divided into thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta by diaphragm

60
Q

Describe thoracic aorta

A

division of the decending aorta in the thoracic cavity and supply toracic wall via intercostal arteries

61
Q

Branches of abdominal aorta

A

insert image(dissect notes)

62
Q

What connects pericardium to the diaphragm

A

Phrenic pericardiac ligament

63
Q

What connects pericardium to floor of the thorax

A

Sternopericardiac ligament

64
Q

Structures located at base of heart

A

Great vessels-Aorta, Vena cava

65
Q

Apex of heart formed by wall of what chamber

A

left ventricle

66
Q

What structure lies within coronary and interventricular sulci

A

Coronary vessels fat

67
Q

Heart is located in thorax at what number level of ribs

A

3-6

68
Q

Purpose of intervenous tubercle/ridge

A

diverts the inflowing blood from cranial and caudal vena cava toward right orifice/valve

69
Q

where are B1 receptors (heart)(sympathetic)

A

Primarily in SAN,AVN and cardiac myocytes

70
Q

what do activation of B1 receptors(heart) (sympathetic)do

A

Increase heart rate
increase force of contraction
Increase conduction velocity

71
Q

Where are a1 receptors(vessels)(sympathetic)

A

smooth muscle of arterioles in the skin,kidneys and GI tract

72
Q

What do activation of a1 receptors(vessels)(sympathetic) do

A

Activation causes vasocontriction in these areas, to redirect blood flow from these non essential organs

73
Q

Where are B2 receptors(vessels)(sympathetic)

A

Smooth muscle of arterioles in skeletal muscles and coronary arteries

74
Q

What do activation of B2 receptors(vessels)(sympathetic)

A

Activation causes vasodilation increasing blood flow to these areas

75
Q

What receptors relevant to CVS

A

beta receptors

76
Q

What receptors are stimulatory

A

a1 and B1

77
Q

What receptors are inhibitory

A

a2 and B2

78
Q

Where is the heart Muscarinic M2 receptors(parasympathetic)

A

SAN, AVN, atrial myocardium

79
Q

Effect of heart Muscarinic M2 recpetors(parasympathetic)

A

Vagus nerve releases acetylcholine
activates m2
which opens acetylcholine-activated potassium channel to slow firing of Sinus node so decrease heart rate
During fight or flight the sympathetic overpowers and vagus nerve uses acetylcholine to provide counterbalance from overstress

Cardiology/Respiratory (6 decks)

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