Respiratory anatomy Flashcards
Parts in upper respiratory tract
Nose,pharynx,larynx,trachea
Parts in lower respiratory tract
Lungs,Bronchi,Bronchioles,Alveoli
What are the 3 conchae/turbinates
Vental,dorsal,caudal/ethmoidal
Structure of ventral concha
arises scrolls of bone and narrows rostrally as alar fold
Structure of dorsal concha
Arises from nasal bone and widens towards ethmoid bone caudally
Structure of ethmoid concha
Covered with olfactory mucosa and much larger and attached to ethmoid bone
Name the 4 meatus
Dorsal,middle,ventral,common
Why might conchae be bone
keep airways open more easily as cant swell in infection
What is meatus
Spaces between the coiled bones(conchae) allow passage of air
What is Conchae/turbinates
Coiled Bones in nasal cavity to increase surface area for humidification and warming of air
Why are conchae/turbinate coiled
Increase Surface area-more mucosal/epithelial lining
Name 2 paired/paranasal sinuses in dogs
Maxillary and frontal
What does the maxillary sinus do
communicates freely with the nasal cavity
What do paranasal sinuses do
Hollow areas that are extension of the nasal cavity
Lined with nonolfactory epithelium
sometimes absent in brachycephalic dogs
Function of sinuses
unknown-reduce weight of skull,protection of skull, affect resonance of voice,
ethmoturbinates within sinuses used to increase Surface area for olfaction
Function of conchae
warm and humidify air
Specialised function of ehtmoidal conchae/turbinates
olfactory region- for sense of smell
Issues that could arise of nasal cavity only separated from oral cavity by thin plate of bone
Infection or abscesses within tooth roots could break into maxillary and cause more infection
Sinusitis could impact tooth roots in some cases
What does frontal sinus do
Contains ethmoturbinates-covered with olfactory mucosa
Largest and most important
Communicates with nasal cavity via nasofrontal openings
Why might orthopnoea (mouth breathing) occur and what is benefit
Strenuous exercise or condition to impact flow of air in nasal cavity
Benefit-more air
When may epiglottis need to cover laryngeal inlet
During swallowing to prevent food/liquid entering respiratory tract
Clinical relevance of knowing root of the tongue connect to hyoid apparatus
Intubation-pull tongue forward to open laryngeal inlet so tube can be placed
Why cartilage in trachea
So remains permanently open and flexible
Why no cartilage dorsally and instead muscle
To allow food boluses to pass in the oesophogus and means oesophagus can expand into trachea with fully compromising airway
What is the tracheal bifurcation called
Carina
3 parts of mediastinum
Cranial, Middle, Caudal
3 aperture/holes of the diaphragm
Caval foramem, oesophageal hiatus, aortic hiatus
What is caval foramen for
Most ventral, Passage of caudal vena cava
What is Oesophageal hiatus for
More central, passage of oesophagus and vagal nerve trunks
What is aortic hiatus for
Dorsally, descending aorta, azygous vein and thoracic duct
Expiration muscles
Internal intercostal muscles
Transverus thoracis muscle
Inspiration muscles
External intercostal muscle
What salivary gland is located between the two branches of the external jugular vein at its bifurcation
Submandibular salivary gland
What salivary gland located at base of the ear ajacent to maxillary brach of jugular vein
Parotid salivary gland
What are 2 branches of jugular vein in dogs
Maxillary and linguofacial veins
In relation to trachea where is common carotid artery located in dogs
Lateral and slightly dorsal to the trachea in the cervical region
Describe position of thyroid gland relative to trachea in dosg
Positioned laterally near the 5th and 8th tracheal rings
Name of furrow where jugular vein can be palpated
Jugular furrow
Name structures contained within carotid sheath in dogs
Common carotid artery, vagosympathetic trunk, internal jugular vein, tracheal lymphatic duct
Costal cartilages of what number ribs are fused to form costal arch
10th to 12th rub
Do all ribs join the sternum
No 13th is floating rib
What names are given to most cranial and most caudal sternebrae
Cranial-manubrium
caudal- xiphoid cartilage
Name given to pleura that covers thoracic wall and pleura that covers lungs
thoracic-parietal pleura
lungs-visceral pleura
part of which lobe can be seen from the left through caudal mediastinum
accessory lobe
Name given to the partition between the principal bronchi from trachea
Carina
Purpose of nasal mucosa
Warms and cleanses inspired air
What bony structure makes boundary of thoracic inlet
First thoracic vertebra dorsally, first ribs and costal cartilages laterally, first sternebra(manubrium) ventrally_
Differences can you feel between the cranial and caudal thoracic vetebra
Longer dorsal processes more cranially
How many thoracic veterbrae and ribs are there in dogs
13
Describe features of external intercostal muscles
Fibers run caudoventrally from caudal border of one rib to the cranial border of the rib behind in ventral direction/angle
The are on the outside
Describe features of internal intercostal muscles
Fibers run cranioventrally form the cranial border of one rib to the caudal border of the rib in front of it in ventral direction/angle.
They are on the inside
