Vectors Flashcards
1
Q
Name 4 common categories of vectors
A
mosquitos, flies, cockroaches, rodents
2
Q
Most mosquitos (are/are not) harmless. Only the (female/male) is a vector of diseases.
A
most are not harmless
only females are vectors
3
Q
Why does the female mosquito need to take in blood of warm blooded animals?
A
In order to mature her eggs
4
Q
What attracts a mosquito to a warm blooded animal?
A
The carbon dioxide
5
Q
A mosquito inoculates the skin with an _________________ prior to taking blood. What purpose does it serve?
A
anticoagulant chemical
It desensitizes the area prior to the bite
6
Q
A mosquito bite is considered an ________________
A
inoculation
7
Q
List the names and times of the 4 stages of a mosquito life cycle
A
- egg laying (typically on stagnant water)
- larval stage 2-3 days eggs hatch, larvae are in water and come up to breath
- Pupa stage 4-10 days still in water, not as active
- Adult stage 48 hours then they sit on the water to let wings dry for 6 hours
8
Q
The entire mosquito life cycle from egg laying to adult takes approximately _____________ days
A
11 to 16 days
9
Q
Anopheles sp. (malaria) characteristics
A
adults sit at 45 degrees.
larvae don’t have physical breathing tube
10
Q
Culex sp. (encephalitis) characteristics
A
adults sit at 45 angle.
larvae have long breathing tubes
11
Q
Aedes sp. (yellow/dengue fever) characteristics
A
larvae have short breathing tube
12
Q
What tool can inspector use for a larval survey
A
a mosquito dipper
13
Q
What is a dry ice trap
A
device that uses CO2 to attract mosquitos and trap them for study
14
Q
What is the purpose of using petroleum based oils (Tossits) on surfaces of ponds and lakes
A
it blocks mosquito larvae breathing tubes causing them to drown.
petroleum can’t be used in California so now some detergents are used instead.
15
Q
Name two natural enemies of mosquitos that can be used to biologically control mosquitos. describe how they control mosquitos
A
Gambusia affinis (mosquito fish) a minnow species that can consume up to 200 larvae a day.
dragon fly - dragon fly larvae eat mosquito larvae, and adult dragon flies eat adult mosquitos
16
Q
When mosquito larvae control has failed what are ways to control adult mosquitos?
A
spraying insecticides
using screens/bed nets
protective clothing
repellents such as DEET, vitamin B 12, garlic
17
Q
Name 6 diseases transmitted by mosquitos
A
west nile virus malaria yellow fever dengue fever encephalitis filariasis
18
Q
Name 18 diseases a fly can cause
A
onchoceriasis bacillary dysentery hepatitis round worms tapeworm ameobiasis (cycsts) typhoid fever amoebic dysentery fly larvae myiasis whipworm shigella African sleeping sickness paratyphoid fever infantile diarrhea pinworms hookworm salmonella e-coli
19
Q
describe the body characteristics of a fly
A
lower abdomen, thorax with single pair of wings, head with large compound eyes, mouth and antennae. three pairs of legs
20
Q
larvae of flies is commonly known as ___________
A
maggots
21
Q
What are two categories of fly species
A
biting variety
non biting variety
22
Q
Name 6 types of biting flies
A
horse fly deer fly stable flesh fly black fly sand fly
23
Q
Non-biting flies are also known as _____________ flies
Name some common non-biting flies
A
domestic or synanthropic flies
house fly green bottle fly bronze bottle fly cluster fly blow fly screwworm fly filter fly moth fly lesser house fly
24
Q
Describe the 4 stages of the fly life cycle
A
- eggs - sometimes carried with the adult until ready to hatch. need moisture, warmth and nutrients
- larvae - aka maggots, active white worms
- pupa - not mobile, matures in soil
- adult fly
25
Name 4 things required for a fly to survive
Warm temperature
Moisture
Food Source
Soil
26
What is the food source of a fly
feces, decaying organic matter, food etc. they are not picky
27
How does a fly eat?
it regurgitates onto the food source and then consumes it. flies require moist food.
28
How can a fly cross contaminate?
e.g. would be feeding on dog feces then landing on your food and regurgitating diseases picked up from the dog feces
29
What time of day are flies active? Where do they typically rest?
active during the day.
Rest on edges and protected areas from wind
30
the average fly can travel at ____ mph
4 mph
31
A house fly can travel up to _____ miles in a 24 hour period
6 miles
32
Most flies usually remain in a vicinity of about _____ square miles
1 square mile
33
What is the life span of a fly?
ranges greatly.
2-4 weeks
can survive 6 months of hibernation
34
flies are inactive below ____F and killed below ____F and above ____F
45
32
112F
35
Phototropism refers to how flies are attracted to _______
light
36
house fly is scientifically known as ___________ and prefers to lay eggs in ______
musca domestica
| feces
37
Features of the cluster fly/face fly
musca autumalis
cooler climates - attics
fly around faces of cattle
can cause pink eye
38
lesser house fly
fannia cunicularis
smaller than house fly
rarely lands
39
Stable Fly
```
Stomoxys calcitrans
sits with rear end up in the air
warm areas of the gulf coast
vicious biters
breeds on horse manure
```
40
False stable fly
muscina stabulans
slightly large than house fly
attracted to human foods
41
Dump Fly
shiny black flies
| common in cities near garbage
42
Tse-tse fly
tropical, Africa
brown colored
African sleeping sickness
43
Flesh Fly
sarcophagi occidua
red tip on abdomen
larvae used in civil war to debride wounds
44
bottle fly and blowfly
blowfly is green metallic
bottle fly is blue metallic
breed on dead animal flesh
45
black blow fly
black shiny thorax with blue/green abdomen
abundant in early spring
46
Black Fly
second in line to mosquitos for their blood sucking abilities
eggs laid on flowing water
swarm around human eyes, nose, mouth
bites become itchy
47
Deer Fly
chrysops discalis
also rival mosquitos as they are vicious biters
atlantic coast and salt water/marsh lands
48
Fruit Fly
drosphillidae
breed on decaying fruit
Mediterranean are very destructive
attracted to fruit liquor bottles and can end up dead inside
49
_______ are one of the filthiest creatures in the world
flies
50
The easiest way to eliminate flies is to eliminate their ________
potential breeding environments
pick up feces and control garbage and decaying matter
51
If proper sanitation fails then fly larvae control can be accomplished by the following
spreading manure to dry
using pesticides
traps
sugar water bowls with oil drops
52
What are three pesticide spraying types for flies
residual sprays
space sprays/aerosol bombs/space foggers - all for enclosed spaces)
aerial spraying (done by plane)
53
alternatives to spraying pesticides for flies include
```
fly baits
fly cords
resin strips
screening
air curtains
electrocution (zaps) uv light
sterile male flies (expensive)
biological control (insects, bacteria, fungi)
```
54
What can bacillus thuringensis be used for?
fly control
55
What are three devices use to trap flies for surveying
baited fly trap - set on ground, cheap method
fly cones - similar to fly trap
fly grill - most commonly used - gives faster assessment of population. the grill is placed over natural attractants
56
___________________ is considered one of the most intelligent in the insect world
the cockroach
57
cockroaches belong to what family of species?
Blattidae
58
Do cockroaches bite?
no
59
Different species of cockroaches can be identified based on markings on their ________________
pronotum (body shell)
60
Name 4 species of cockroaches which can plague human residences and food establishments
german
brown banded
oriental
american
61
german cockroach
blatella germanica
can come from potato sacks, onion bags, cardboard
most common
1/2-3/4 inch
pale to light brown with two longitudinal stripes
warm moist dark environments
7-10 months lifespan
62
brown banded cockroach
supella longipalpa
1/2 '' long
light brown color w/ one dark band
aka radio or TV roach
like warm dry environments
males can fly
3-7 months lifespan
63
What are ootheca?
eggs of cockroaches
64
oriental cockroach
```
blatta orientalis
resemble a beetle
outdoors, moist dark water areas
cannot climb
shiny black
1-2 '' long
4-5 month lifespand
```
65
American cockroach
```
periplaneta Americana
largest of domestic cockroaches
3-4 '' long
red/brown may have dark spots
common in sewers
they can fly
```
66
cockroaches are active at (day/night/both)
night time
67
What is pyrethrum used for?
can be used to bring cockroaches out of hiding
68
What does cockroach defecation look like and where can it be found?
small brown specks like ground pepper.
can stain walls
often in cabin doors and other crevices
69
What does cockroach odor smell like?
can smell slightly sweet and musty
70
Do cockroaches carry diseases?
no but they can mechanically transfer contamination since they tend to move around from dirty areas to clean areas.
71
which cockroach species are more likely to cause an infestation inside?
german and brown banded
unless there is a plumbing leak then maybe the American or oriental
72
What is the best method of cockroach extermination
tenting the premises with fumigation gas
it's expensive though and required temporary relocation of tenants
73
when spraying an apartment complex for cockroaches which direction should spray be applied?
from the outside to the inside
74
after spraying pesticides for cockroaches how long do tenants usually need to stay out of the premises?
4-6 hours
75
WHy are resprayings for cockroaches required 3-4 weeks after the intial spray?
because the eggs from the prior infestation could hatch
76
What are the two common tenting gases used for cockroaches?
methylbromide
| vikane
77
What are 4 methods that consumers can use to treat cockroach infestations
home use pest control sprays
roach motel insect traps
combat insecticide baits
glue traps
78
How does a roach motel work?
it's a cardboard box with an odor attractant. an adhesive strip traps the roach
79
How do combat insecticide baits work for cockroaches
black disposable plastic slotted with odor attractant and poisonous bait the cockroach does not die immediately so where you find dead roaches will be where the infestation is
80
How can boric acid powder be used against cockroaches
they will groom themselves and then be poisoned.
the powder can be applied to crevices and other areas
81
What is an illegal cockroach treatment
insecticide chalk from china
82
List 8 rodent-borne diseases
```
rat bite fever
murine typhus
leptospirosis
plague
salmonellosis
rickettsial pox
trichinosis
lymphocytic choriomeningitis
```
83
describe the common victims of rat bats
sleeping children with food debris near the mouth. poor socio-economic environments
84
Name 3 domesticated rodents of concern to environmental health
Norway rat
roof rat
house mouse
85
Norway rat
```
rattus norvegicus
adults 1 - 1.5 feet in length about 1 lb
thick tails shorter than body length
stocky body
grayish red, brown, black
small eyes
female litters of up to 8 rats as many as 7 times a year
"sewer rat"
prefer subground environments
do not like to climb
vicious
```
86
roof rat
```
rattus rattus
aka "laboratory rat"
smaller and less vicious
slender body and tail is 1/3 longer than body
1.5 ft lgnth
fur varies, brown, gray, black (light on underside)
large eyes and ears
litters of 6-8 up to 6 times a year
very good climber
lives in warmer climates, sourthern US and subtropical
live in higher elevations
pickier eaters
```
87
house mouse
```
mus musculas
smallest
2.5 to 3.5 inches long
tails are 2-4 inches longer than body
weight under an oz
gray brown fur
pointy nose and large eyes
under houses, between walls, cabbinets
can survive dry environments they like cereal grains
```
88
describe the senses and physical abilities of rodens
eyes - poor sight, color blind
excellent hearing, sense of smell and taste
great balance and agility, can jump up to 2 feet
great swimmers
they run along walls because their hairs have a strong sense of touch
they are weary of strange things which prevent traps from working sometimes
89
rodent dropping identification
Norway rat - large up to .75 inches long shaped like a capsule
roof rat - .5'' droppings with banana shaped ends
house mouse - .25'' droppings are very small and pointy rod shaped
90
How can you tell fresh rodent droppings from old ones
fresh will be soft, moist, dark and shiny
grey or crumbly can be a few days or many weeks old
91
how is tracking powder used in rodent identification
can be laid along walls and looked at by flash light to see if an infestation is present
92
rubmarks
a dirty and oil mark left on wood beams often where rats infest
93
Why do rodents gnaw?
because their front incisors grow 4-6 inches a year so they have to grind them down
results in wood being destroyed
electrical wires etc.
94
which rodent burrows?
Norway rat
95
What is a concrete L used for?
under housing and buildings to prevent Norway rats from burrowing into homes
96
how can a home be rodent proofed?
vents should be screened
pipes should be no greater than 1/4 ''
bushes and trees should be cut back from building
make sure doors are flush
97
What is the purpose behind ectoparasite control in rodents?
because rodents are an excellent vector to other organisms such as fleas.
powdered pesticides such as sevin, malathion and diazinon should be used.
98
Name the 4 routes of absorption for pesticides
```
stomach poisons (baits)
contact poisons (dusts)
fumigant poisons (inhaled)
dessicants (dries out the pest)
```
99
```
a highly toxic substance would have an LD50 of _______ mg/kg
toxic
moderately toxic
slightly toxic
non toxic
```
```
5-50 highly
50-500
500-1000
1000-5000
5000 and up non toxic
```
100
pyrethrum
botanical
LD50 of 1500
chrysanthemums
101
What is allethrin
a synthesized form of pyrethrum with a higher toxicity level
102
what is an example of pesticides with chlorinated hydrocarbons
DDT and lindane
103
lindane
low doses are used for head lice
104
ddt
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
BANNED!
LD50 of 500
very effective pesticide but remains stable for too long
bad for birds and other species in the environment because DDT does not break down
105
Aldrin
LD50 of 60
| soil poison for termites
106
Chlordane
worked well on crawling insects but studies showed it vaporized and harmed people
107
Methoxychlor
LD50 of 5000
flea, flies, moths
relatively non toxic
can be used around dairys
108
organophosphaste -carbamates
extremely toxic affects CNS
109
Name 6 anticoagulants used as rodenticides
```
prival
warfarin
fumarin
diphacinone
chlorophacinone
PMP
```
110
how do anticoagulants work as rodenticides (bait)
intake causes internal bleeding
| however some rodents are resisting bait with anticoagulants
111
Name 10 toxic poisons - only applied by license pest control
```
red squill
1080
1081
ANTU
nor-bromide
strychnine
zinc phosphide - garlic smelling gray powder)
vacor
organophosphates and carbamates - CNS
paris green (mainly arsenic)
```
112
What are vermin
noxious or objectionable insects or animals that pose a human health risk, damage or contaminate food or property or create annoyance. common e.g. include flies, cockroaches, rats and mice
113
the most common cockroach found in the food establishment is ____________
german cockroach
114
rats typically stay within ______ ft from their nests while mice stay within ______ ft from theirs
rats 150 ft
| mice 30 ft
