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REHS - STUDY GUIDE > Vector > Flashcards

Vector Flashcards

Knowledge of the following cards

1
Q

What are the federal/state reporting requirements involving animal bites?

A

17 California Code of Regulations 2606 is the law that requires doctors to report dog bites. This regulation requires all people to make a report if a human was bitten. This includes medical doctors who treat bite victims. The report goes to the local health officer or the officer’s designee.

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2
Q

What are the federal/state reporting requirements involving zoonotic diseases?

A

WHO MUST REPORT: Any licensed veterinarian, any person operating a diagnostic laboratory, or any person who has been informed, recognizes or should
recognize by virtue of education, experience, or occupation, that any animal or animal product is or may be affected by, or has been exposed to, or may be
transmitting or carrying any of the following conditions, must promptly report the condition(s) per the lists below.

WHAT TO REPORT: Immediately report any animal disease or condition not known to exist in the United States, any event with increased mortality and/or
morbidity of unknown cause or source, and any toxicology condition likely to contaminate animals or animal products (meat, milk or eggs).
IN ADDITION TO LISTED CONDITIONS, CALL IF YOU SEE: High morbidity or mortality, vesicles, unexplained CNS signs,
unusual ticks, hemorrhagic septicemias, unusual larvae in wounds, and/or unusual or unexplained illness.

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3
Q

Epidemiological Triangle

A

Consist of the Host, Agent, and Environmental.

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4
Q

Define a disease triad

A

Provides important details of a disease:

Agent, or microbe that causes the disease
(the “what” of the Triangle)
Host, or organism harboring the disease
(the “who” of the Triangle)
Environment, or those external factors that
cause or allow disease transmission (the
“where” of the Triangle)

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5
Q

How is a disease transmitted?

A

Airborne
vector
direct
indirect

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6
Q

Explain the vector-host-pathogen transmission cycle

A

This is a natural flow a vector to carry the pathogen from one animal to another ; thus causing the disease to spread.

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7
Q

Biological Transmission

A

Pathogen (west Nile) spreads when living in vector (mosquitos)

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8
Q

Mechanical transmission

A

pathogens adhere to body hair, living outside of vector during spread.

disease may still be spread from biological form

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9
Q

Define zoonoses

A

Pathogen from non-human animals to humans

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10
Q

Define reservoir

A

The reservoir of an infectious agent is the habitat in which the agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies. Reservoirs include humans, animals, and the environment. The reservoir may or may not be the source from which an agent is transferred to a host.

For example: the reservoir of Clostridium botulinum is soil, but the source of most botulism infections is improperly canned food containing C.. botulinum spores.

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11
Q

Define Host

A

Any susceptible organism (e..g. single celled, plant, animal, human) invaded by an infectious (ability of agent to enter and grow in host not necessarily pathogenic).

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12
Q

Intermediary host

A

in addition to host definition, an organism that harbors a pathogen for a short period of time (I.e. some worms/cestodes live in intermediate hosts then transfer to definitive hosts)

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13
Q

Vector

A

Any agent that transfers the pathogen to another organism

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14
Q

symbiosis

A

Organisms that live or live off each other (bees and plants)

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15
Q

Parasites

A

Organism causing harm, in another organism (e.g. worms in humans)

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16
Q

Delusional Parasitosis

A

Person with mental illness believes infested with living or nonliving pathogens.

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17
Q

Arboviral encephalitis

Agent, Host, Vector, Mode of transmission, affected organ system, and exposure

A

(e.g. west Nile fever): Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain that can be caused by an arthropod borne virus (arbovirus)

Mode of transmission to humans primarily through the bite of an infected Culex Mosquiito

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18
Q

Bubonic Plague

Agent, Host, Vector, Mode of transmission, affected organ system, and exposure

A

Plague affects humans/ other mammals. It is by the bacterium, Yersinia pestis. Humans usually get plague by a rodent flea (carrying the plague bacterium) or by handling an infected animal.

Affected lymph nodes become swollen and through breathing in from airborne exposure of bacterium.

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19
Q

Chagas Disease

Agent, Host, Vector, Mode of transmission, affected organ system, and exposure

A

Also known as American trypanosoma Cruz is a parasitic protozoan. It is spread mostly by insects known as triatominae, or “kissing bugs”. The bug feces enter the body through mucous membranes or breaks in the skin.

Affects the heart and the digestive tract.

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20
Q

Lyme disease

Agent, Host, Vector, Mode of transmission, affected organ system, and exposure

A

Caused by the Borrelia bacterium which is spread by ticks. Erythema migrans (area of redness).

Humans and small animals are infected through bite, (biological Transmission) and affect the nervous system, joints, skin, and heart.

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21
Q

Malaria

Agent, Host, Vector, Mode of transmission, affected organ system, and exposure

A

Plasmodium vivax is a protozoal parasite agent that is bologically transmitted to humans through the bite of the Anopheles mosquitoes.Malaria can damage the kidneys or liver or cause the spleen to rupture.

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22
Q

Rickettsial Disease

Agent, Host, Vector, Mode of transmission, affected organ system, and exposure

A

Also known as Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever are infections caused by multiple bacteria from the order Rickettsiales and genera Rickettsia, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Neorickettsia, neoehrlichia, and Orientia.

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is caused by R. rickettsia and vectored by a tick. Causing lungs, brain or kidneys issues to humans.

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23
Q

Tularemia

Agent, Host, Vector, Mode of transmission, affected organ system, and exposure

A

Tularemia is a rare infectious disease that typically attacks the skin, eyes, lymph nodes and lungs. Humans rabbits, here’s, and rodents get bite from ticks or deer flies - is caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. Often from exposure of infected animals or contaminated water sources.

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24
Q

Typhus

Agent, Host, Vector, Mode of transmission, affected organ system, and exposure

A

Typhus fevers are a group of diseases caused by Rickettsia typhi or Rickettsia prowazekii bacteria. Spread to humans by fleas, lice, and chiggers bites. Typhus fevers include scrub typhus, murine typhus, and epidemic typhus.
Affects liver, kidney, lung or brain.

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25
Q

Yellow Fever

A

Caused by RNA virus that belongs to the genus Flavivirus. Bite of infected Aedes or Haemagogus species mosquitoes transmitted between human and nonhuman primate hosts affecting the liver and the kidney.

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26
Q

Hantavirus

A

Family of viruses spread mainly by the rodents and can cause varied disease syndromes. Infection with any hantavirus can produce hantavirus disease in people. In California caused by deer mouse.

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27
Q

Histoplasmosis

A

Histoplasmosis: Type of lung infection. Caused by inhaling Histoplasma capsulatum fungal spores. These spores are found in soil and in the droppings of bats and birds.

28
Q

Leptospirosis:

A

Leptospirosis: Relatively rare bacterial infection affecting people and animals. It can pass from animals to humans through a break in skin and contact with water/soil and animal urine is present

29
Q

Pneumonic Plague:

A

Pneumonic Plague: Severe lung infection caused by Yersinia pestis.
Symptoms: fever, headache, shortness of breath, chest pain, and
cough. * Pneumonic Plague: Severe lung infection caused by Yersinia pestis.
Symptoms: fever, headache, shortness of breath, chest pain, and
cough.

30
Q

Psittacosis

A

Psittacosis: Also called parrot fever, and ornithosis—is a zoonotic infectious disease in humans caused by obligate intercellular bacterium Chlamydia psittaci and
contracted from infected parrots and other birds

31
Q

RABIES

A

Rabies: Rare viral disease of the brain and almost always fatal Rare viral disease of the brain and almost always fatal
* Detected in approx. 200 mostly wild animals in CA
* Detected in approx. 6,000 animals nationally
* All mammals, including humans are susceptible to infection
* Bat and skunks most susceptible to infection in CA
* Rabies is transmitted through saliva of rabid animals
* Nearly all humans die within 1-2 weeks of infection
* Vaccine available for humans and pets

32
Q

Bats (biology, behavior, and habitats)

A

Only flying mammels that fly however are also warm blooded, fur, produce milk, and give birth to live young. Wings are thin, leathery streched between their arms, wrist, and fingers bones.

Carry transmitted rabies virus most common followed by skunks.

33
Q

Bed Bug

A

Small parasitic insects that feed on the blood of mammals and birds. Adult bed bugs have flat bodies about one-quarter of an inch in length; they are copper colored and wingless. Young bed bugs are nearly colorless and very small (1/16 inch). Bed bugs do not fly; they either crawl or are carried from place to place. When a bed bug feeds, its body swells and becomes bright red, making it appear to be a different insect. In homes, hotels, or other dwellings, bed bugs feed primarily on human blood, usually at night when people are sleeping..

34
Q

German Cockroaches

A

Light brown, 3/4” long. Pprefers dampp, warm places inside the home, such as kitchens and bathrooms.
Adults: two dark stripes.
Nymphs: Two dark vertical stripes behind the head.

35
Q

American Cockroach

A

Reddish-brown 1-1/2” long. Perfers warm, damp places outdoors, such as sewers and water meters.
Adults: Wings cover their abdomens.
Nymphs: Darker sides and segment margins.

36
Q

Oriental Cockroaches

A

Black. 1-1/4” long.
Perfers damp, cooler sites, such as water-meter curb boxes, trach piles, shrubbery, and other protected outdoor areas, as well as basements and sometimes sewers..
Adults: Black with wings shorter than the abdomen.
Nymphs: Shiny, dark reddish-brown to black color.

37
Q

Banded cockroach

A

Light brown 1//2” long
Perfers warm, dry places, Found anywhere in the house including furniture, closets, and around the ceiling. Less common in restaurants.
Adults:Two pale bands across the base of the winds.
Nymph: Two pale bands across the back.

38
Q

Fleas

A

Great importance as they carry bubonic plague and murine typhus from rats and those
that transmit plague among wild rodents and occasionally to humans.
* Fleas cause insidious attacks on man and domestic animals, causing irritation, loss of blood, and extreme discomfort. Serve as intermediate hosts for some species of dog and rodent tapeworms that occasionally infest man, and they may act as intermediate hosts of a filarial worm of dogs.
* Fleas may possibly be involved as vectors of Salmonella bacteriacausing diarrhea and dysentery and of the bacteria causing tularemia.

39
Q

Lice

A

Small and found of head of people. Parasitic and feed on human blood. Can not survive in the environment for no more than two days. Spread from human head to head.

40
Q

Mosquitos

A

Mosquitoes are common, flying insects that live in most parts of the world. Over 3,700 types of mosquitoes can be found worldwide. Not all mosquitoes bite people or animals. When mosquitoes bite people, the most common reactions to the bite are itching and swelling.

41
Q

Rodents (rats/mice)

A

Responsible for more human illness and deaths than any other group of mammals. Transmitted through contamination and bites.

42
Q
A
43
Q

skunks

A

Primarily nocturnal, skunks are a diverse group of carnivores that live in a wide variety of habitats, including deserts, forests, and mountains. Most are about the size of a house cat, but some are significantly smaller.

If a skunk bites or scratches you, it could put you at risk for diseases such as hepatitis, tularemia, or rabies. Hepatitis is a viral condition affecting the liver.

44
Q

Stinging insects

A

Some bees, paper wasps, and hornets may build nests in attics, walls, under eaves, and in tree branches. Other insects such as velvet ants, yellowjackets, and some bees build their nests in the ground. Many of these insects feed on nectar or other sweet-smelling foods such as fallen fruit and soft drinks. Causing anaphylactic shock.

45
Q

Ticks

A

Variety of ticks: Blacklegged (deer) tick, American dog (wood) tick, Lone star tick.

These include Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS), Lyme disease, Anaplasmosis, Ehrlichiosis, Babesiosis, Powassan (POW), Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, and Tularemia. Ticks can be infected with bacteria, viruses, or parasites. When an infected tick bites the human host, the human may become infected.

46
Q

Field identification of bed bugs

A

Adult bed bugs are reddish brown in color, wingless, and are about the size of an apple seed. Immature bed bugs (there are 5 immature or nymphal instar stages) can also be seen with the naked eye but they are smaller than adults, and translucent whitish-yellow in color.

47
Q

Field ID of ground squirrels

A

Ground squirrels. Ground squirrels are rodents from 8 to 10 inches long with tails 2 to 6 inches long. They come in a variety of colors, stripes and spots from gray to reddish-brown depending on their species.

Ground squirrels are associated with the spread of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, rat bite fever, tularemia, Chagas’ disease, adiospiromycosis, and encephalomycarditis.

48
Q

Mosquitoes lifecycle

A

Life cycle: Eggs, Pupa, larva, and adult

49
Q

Aedes aegyypti and Aedes albopictus

A

Domestic species are anytime biters, short flight, and container breeding survey.

50
Q

Culex Species

A

Arbovirus vector, night activity, stealthy biter, dirty water breeder, need light trap data

51
Q

Ochlerotatus

A

Salt March species are anytime biters, aggressive, long flight range, recovery stopper, landing rate or trap data

52
Q

Fresh water flooding species mosquitoes

A

Ochlerotatus and Psorophora species
Aggressive biters, recovery stopper, landing rate or trap data

53
Q

Anopheles species malaria

A

Vector permanent water breeder, need trap data, can use landing rates

54
Q

Rodent biology: Norway Rats

A

Rattus norvegicus

Burrowing rodent - largest domestic rat
Also known as the brown rat, house rat, barn rat, sewer rat, and wharf rat
7-18 ounces (200-500 grams)
Length of head and body, 6-8.5 inches
Total length with tail 13 -18.6 inches
Usually brown or gray with coarse fur, whitish belly, blunt nose
Small ears rarely over 3/4 inch long
Poop size 3/4 inch
mature at 3-5 months
Gestation period 22 days
12-18 liter count; 4-7 annual litters
one year lifespan
living range 100-150 feet

55
Q

Roof Rat

A

Rattus rattus
small than Norway rat
Agile climber, slender, and graceful
4-12 ounces
Body weight 6.5-8 inches
tail length: 7.5 - 10 inches
tail is longer than body
total length is 14-18 inches
Fine body fur colors vary
pointy nose, larger eyes >3/4 inches
poop 1/2 inches

56
Q

House mouse

A

Must musculus

Found throughout the world, slender and graceful
1/2 - 3/4 ounces
length 2.5-3.5
tail 3-4 inches long
Fur: fine colors: brown back and gray belly
Pointed nose
Ears large pulled over and larger
Poop 1/4 inches
mature 1.5 - 2 months
gestation 19 days
5–6 a litter; 8x a year
1/2 year lifespan

57
Q

Difference of bed bugs and ticks

A

Both ticks and bedbugs are small, brown, and wingless with flat, oval-shaped bodies that balloon after a blood meal. The key difference is that ticks are arachnids, which means they have eight legs, while bedbugs are insects and thus have six legs.

58
Q

Trapping methods for sampling procedures

A

adult and larval mosquitoes
blood specimen collection
flea combing techniques
live flea and tick collection

59
Q

Proper handling and transporting samples

A

Dead bird and rabid animal carcass:
Use of disposable gloves, use plastic body bag, possible double bag, wash skin areas of possible contact, lab test, avoid spraying the carcass, effective methods are incineration, burying, and rendering. Recommended rabies pre-exposure vaccine is applicable and refrigeration is required.

60
Q

Whate are methods in disease control and prevention

A

Knowing common behaviors and habitats
Integrated pest management
Proper pesticide application

61
Q

What are some proper pesticide application?

A

Application rate
certified pest control operator
labeling
warning properties

62
Q

Factors and foundation of integrated pest managment

A

foundation is managing the environment to eliminate pests
factors include food, water, and harborage

63
Q

What are the five steps of IPM

A

1) Inspection
2) identification
3) Establishment of threshold levels
4) Employment of two or more appropriate control measures
5) Evaluation of effectiveness

64
Q

How to locate mosquitoes

A

Larvae are located by using a white dipper to sample water habitats

Stage or organism, temperature, and species will indicate how much time is left before they become adults.

65
Q

Method of spotting Mosquito growth

A

Larvicide applied to larval breeding areas and contains bacillus species, juvenile hormones, oils, and monomolecular films.

66
Q

Types of traps for adult mosquitoes

A

CDC light trap
new Jersey light trap
truck traps
gravid trap
landing rate counts

67
Q
A

REHS - STUDY GUIDE (17 decks)

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