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biology 121 > vasculature, blood pressure and blood composition > Flashcards

vasculature, blood pressure and blood composition Flashcards

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1
Q

what is Mean Arterial Pressure?

A

the pressure that drives blood into the tissues

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2
Q

how is MAP calculated?

A

MAP= COxTPR

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3
Q

which WBC is sensitive to allergens and attacks parasites?

A

eosinophils // they attack things that have been marked by antigens

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4
Q

which WBC is highly mobile and the first at the site of injury?

A

neutrophils

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5
Q

which WBCs release chemicals which attract neutrophils to the site?

A

monocytes

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6
Q

which WBCs release histamine and heparin, and cause inflammation?

A

basophils

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7
Q

what are the five types of leukocytes?

A 
eosinophils
neutrophils
monocytes
basophils
lymphocytes
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8
Q

what are the external regulators of heart rate?

A

the medulla oblongata: the cardioaccelaratory centre (SNS) and the cardioinhibitory centre (PNS/vagus nerve)

hormones: adrenaline/noradrenaline

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9
Q

describe how arteries change on the path from the heart to the capillaries

A 
elastic arteries near the heart (able to absorb more pressure) are larger and the tunica media has many elastic fibres and fewer muscle
muscular arteries (further from heart) = most arteries. medium sized with many muscle cells. they keep the blood flowing
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10
Q

what is thrombosis?

A

the formation of a blood clot in an unbroken vessel

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11
Q

which layer of the blood vessel contracts to cause vasoconstriction?

A

smooth muscle of the tunica media

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12
Q

what is thrombin’s action in the clotting cascade?

A

converts fibrinogen into fibrin

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13
Q

what is CO2?

A

carbon dioxide is a byproduct of aerobic metabolism (cellular metabolism)

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14
Q

what is pulse pressure?

A

the difference between systolic BP and diastolic BP

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15
Q

what are the cells of the blood and where are they formed?

A

RBCs, WBCs and platelets

all formed in the bone marrow

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16
Q

what is the most common circulating WBC? what is its purpose?

A

neutrophils

phagocytosis

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17
Q

what NT causes vasoconstriction? what is the receptor for this NT?

A

noradrenaline

adrenergic receptors

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18
Q

what is MAP going to be in a person with 120/80 BP?

A

MAP = diastolic BP + 1/3 pulse pressure

80 is diastole
PP is 120 - 80 = 40

one third of 40 is 13.3
therefore MAP = 93.3 (80 + 13.3)

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19
Q

what breaks down the fibrin in a clot?

A

plasmin

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20
Q

what is fibrinolysis?

A

the slow process of dissolving a clot once healing is complete

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21
Q

what are the three functions of platelets?

A

release important clotting chemicals

temporarily patch damaged vessel walls

reduce size of a break in vessel wall

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22
Q

what are the functions of capillaries?

A
  1. diffusion of nutrients and wastes
  2. distribution of ECF (filtration of protein-free plasma out of capillary, reabsorption of water and solutes into the capillary
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23
Q

what are the plasma proteins?

A

albumins 60% - transport substances

globulins 35% - transport globulins and immunoglobulins (antibodies)

fibrinogen 4% - forms clots and produces fibrin

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24
Q

where are leukocytes mostly found?

A

connective tissue and lymphatic organs

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25
Q

what is abnormally low platelet count called?

A

thrombocytopaenia

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26
Q

what is abnormally high platelet count called?

A

thrombocytosis

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27
Q

what are four characteristics of circulating leukocytes?

A

they can migrate out of the bloodstream

they have amoeboid movement

they’re attracted to chemical stimuli (positive chemotaxic)

some are phagocytic (neutrophils, eiosinophils, monocytes)

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28
Q

what are the three functions of blood?

A

transport
regulation (body temp, pH, etc)
protection (clotting, WBCs)

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29
Q

what percentage of the body’s volume does blood make up?

A

8%

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30
Q

what is an immature red blood cell called?

A

a reticulocyte

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31
Q

what’s a normal range for blood pH?

A

7.35 - 7.45

32
Q

what is the only type of WBC that is part of specific immunity?

A

lymphocytes

33
Q

what is RBC production called and where does it take place?

A

erythropoiesis takes place in the bone marrow

34
Q

what are the different lymphocytes?

A

T cells, B cells and NK cells

35
Q

what is different about WBCs compared to RBCs and platelets?

A

they have a nucleus

36
Q

which is the most common element of the formed elements of the blood?

A

erythrocytes (RBCS) 99.9%

37
Q

relate the structure and function of RBCs

A
  1. shape - high surface area to volume ratio
  2. shape - discs can form stacks to fit through capillaries neatly
  3. discs bend and flex to fit into small capillaries
  4. stackable shape reduces turbulence
38
Q

what nutrients are required to make red blood cells?

A 
amino acids
iron 
vitamin B12
vitamin B6
folic acid
39
Q

how are platelets formed?

A

thrombocytopoiesis:

megakarocytes make platelets from cytoplasm

40
Q

what drives blood around our body?

A

a pressure gradient (created by the heart contracting)

41
Q

why do veins have less smooth muscle tissue and more connective tissue?

A

veins don’t vasodilate/constrict, so less muscle

also, less pressure = less need for muscle

connective tissue anchors them to skeletal muscle which helps to pump blood back to the heart

42
Q

where is the external elastic membrane found in arteries?

A

between the tunica media and the tunica externa

43
Q

describe the walls of the capillaries

A

endothelial tube with thin basement membrane

no tunic media
no tunic externa

44
Q

what is peripheral resistance?

A

resistance to blood flow, primarily caused by friction with vessel walls

45
Q

what is capillary blood determined by?

A

the difference between pressure and resistance

46
Q

where are the baroreceptors that measure blood pressure located?

A

the carotid artery and the aortic arch

47
Q

which is the thickest layer of the wall of an artery?

A

the tunica media

48
Q

how is blood supplied to the cells of the vessel walls?

A

the vasa vasorum supply the tunica media and the tunic externa

49
Q

what is another name for the capillary bed?

A

the capillary plexus

50
Q

describe the walls of arterioles

A

little or no tunica externa

thin or incomplete tunica media

just smooth muscle and endothelim + membrane

51
Q

what are venous valves?

A

folds of the tunica intima that prevent the backflow of blood

52
Q

in which vessel is the tunica externa the thickest?

A

the veins

53
Q

what are systolic BP and diastolic BP?

A

pressure exerted against the walls of the vessels at contraction/relaxation

54
Q

what are the relevant capillary pressures?

A

capillary hydrostatic pressure

interstitial hydrostatic pressure

capillary oncotic pressure

insterstitail oncotic pressure

55
Q

what is blood flow?

what is it determined by?

A

volume of blood moving through a vessel in a given period

it’s determined by pressure difference and resistance to flow

56
Q

what is MAP?
how is it calculated?
what does it show?

A

mean arterial pressure - the average pressure over a cardiac cycle

diastolic pressure plus 1/3 of pulse pressure

allows us to see how well perfused tissues are

57
Q

arteries vs. veins - differences?

A
  1. thicker walls
  2. higher BP
  3. small round lumen (doesn’t collapse when sectioned)
  4. no valves
  5. more elastic - arteries have internal elastic membrane and external elastic membrane on either side of the tunica media
  6. artery lining folds into wrinkles (for vasodilation)
  7. arteries are smaller (have a smaller lumen)
58
Q

what factors determine MAP?

A

cardiac output

total peripheral resistance

(MAP = CO x TPR)

59
Q

what things affect resistance?

A

vessel length

vessel diameter

viscosity of blood

turbulence

60
Q

what are the three layers of tissue in blood vessels called?

what tissue type is each layer?

A

tunica intima - epithelial tissue with connective tissue basement

tunica media - muscle tissue in a framework of connective tissue

tunica externa - connective tissue // in veins, also smooth muscle cells

61
Q

what are elastic arteries and musclar arteries also known as?

A

elastic: conducting arteries
muscular: distributing arteries

62
Q

what are the two layers of the tunica intima?

A

endothelial layer, underlying CT layer containing elastic fibres

63
Q

what is different about the tunica intima of arteries compared to other vessels?

A

arteries have a thick layer of elastic CT called the internal elastic membrane

64
Q

what does the tunica externa do?
what is the tunica externa of an artery made of?
what is the tunica externa of an vein made of?

A

connects and anchors the vessel to adjacent tissues

artery - collagen and elastic fibres
vein - elastic fibres and smooth muscle cells

65
Q

what is average blood pressure in the aorta compared to the vena cavae?

A

aorta - 100 mmHg

vena cavae - 4 mmHg

66
Q

which is thicker, the aorta or the pulmonary artery. why?

A

the aorta is thicker because it carries blood under higher pressure

67
Q

what is pressure gradient?

∇ P

A

difference between pressure at the heart and pressure at the capillary beds

68
Q

what is too low for MAP?

A

<60 mmHg

69
Q

what maintains BP homeostasis in the very short term?

A

the baroreceptor reflex

70
Q

what are the five general classes of blood vessels?

A 
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
71
Q

why is pressure in the capillaries usually very low?

A

to allow time for diffusion between the blood and surrounding interstitial fluid

72
Q

which would reduce peripheral resistance: an increase in vessel length or an increase in vessel diameter?

A

an increase in vessel diameter (an increase in vessel length would increase peripheral resistance)

73
Q

why does vessel length increase resistance (and therefore pressure)?

A

the longer the vessel, the greater the surface area in contact with the blood, therefore the greater the friction, therefore the greater the resistance

74
Q

which three processes does capillary exchange involve?

A

filtration, diffusion and osmosis

75
Q

what are the conditions which allow diffusion to occur most rapidly?

A

when the distances involved are short

when the concentration gradient is large

when the ions or molecules are small

biology 121 (14 decks)

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