Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology 121 > microbiology, body defences and lymphatic system > Flashcards

microbiology, body defences and lymphatic system Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the difference between humoral and cell mediated immunity?

A

humoral immunity = b cells make antibodies cell mediated immunity = t cells do the killing directly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the different classes of antibodies?

A

IgM - first one made

IgG - ‘memory’ antibody, can cross placenta

IgA - on mucosal surfaces

IgE - allergy/parasites

IgD - found on B-cell surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

redness

warmth

swelling

pain

loss of function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what’s the difference between exudate and transudate?

A

transudate has no/low proteins in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

which cells produce antibodies?

A

plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is inflammation?

A

a localised tissue response to injury that stimulates immune response and enables healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what kind of immune defence is inflammation?

A

second line, non-specific defence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the purpose of inflammation?

A

destroys/neutralises the injurious agent (limits the extent of injury)

stimulates immune response

cleans up dead tissue and debris

enables healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the stimuli for inflammation?

A

infections

trauma

physical agents (radiation or temps)

chemical agents

ischemia/tissue necrosis

foreign bodies

immune reactions

genetic defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe the vascular phase of inflammation

A
  1. vasoconstriction
  2. vasodilation - increased blood flow - redness and warmth
  3. increased vascular permeability - ‘leaky capillaries’ - - plasma -> interstitial fluid -> oedema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe the cellular phase of inflammation

A

leukocytes are recruited from the blood

they migrate to the site of injury via chemotaxis

leukocytes are activated to perform phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what’s the difference between acute and chronic inflammation?

A

chronic inflammation -

persistent -

two weeks + -

associated with tissue destruction -

macrophages and lymphocytes main WBCs instead of neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the systemic effects of inflammation?

A

fever (due to increased prostoglandins)

malaise

anorexia

degradation of skeletal muscle proteins

increased hepatic protein synthesis

leukocytosis (increased WBCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the six links in the chain of infection?

A

infectious agent

reservoir

portal of exit

means of transmission

portal of entry

susceptible host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the modes of transmission?

A

contact - direct or indirect (fomites)

droplets

via vehicle - non living agents such as air, water or food

via vectors (living agents):

mechanical vectors such as flies

biological vectors such as mosquitos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is first line defence?

A

non specific -

prevents entry of antigens into cells

eg skin, tears, mucus, saliva, sweat, stomach acid beneficial bacteria, urine flow (flushes bacteria from bladder)

can also include neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the fluid that exits capillaries during inflammation due to leaky capillaries called?

A

exudate (protein rich)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are mediators of inflammation?

A

chemicals released from cells (eg histamine, prostoglandin, thromboxanes) and/or chemicals in the bloodstream (eg in the complement cascade)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

awhat are the phases of inflammation?

A

vascular phase and cellular phase

vascular phase - changes in vascular calibre and flow

cellular phase - emigration of white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how do antibodies cause elimination of antigens?

A
  1. activation of the complement cascade
  2. attraction of phagocytes
  3. stimulation of inflammation
  4. prevention of viral/bacterial adhesion
  5. precipitation and agglutination
  6. neutralisation
  7. opsenisation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the ‘pathogenic properties’ of a microorganism?

A

AITEA

adherence

invasiveness

toxins

evasiveness

antibiotic resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

list the chemical agents of disinfection

A

soaps/ detergents

acids/alkalis

alcohols

chlorine (bleach)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what’s the difference betweeen sterilisation, disinfection and cleaning?

A

sterilsation is the complete destruction of all living material, including spores (steam under pressure, chemical, radiation)

disinfection destroys most agents, reducing them to a safe level (chemical, heat)

cleaning removes surface material (only clean things can be disinfected)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the types of adaptive or specific immunity?

A

active - make your own antibody

passive - ready made antibodies given

naturally acquired - come into contact in the natural course of life

artificially acquired - needs outside intervention

*naturally acquired passive: ie through breast milk or the placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

types of vaccines?

A

live attenuated

inactivated

subunit

toxoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is an antibody?

A

a protein secreted by plasma cells

it binds with a specific antigen and promotes its removal or destuction

also known as an immunoglobulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

give an example of mechanical vector transmission. contrast with biological vector transmission.

A

mechanical

  • fly lands on poo, then on food
  • passively spreading disease

biological vector involves a bite from a mozzie, tick etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

at any moment, where are most of the body’s lymphocytes to be found?

A

in connective tissue and the organs of the lymphatic system ( and a small percentage are circulating in the blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the three types of lymphocytes?

A

t cells, b cells and NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

explain the difference between specific and non-specific immunity

A

non-specific defences are innate (you’re born with them) and they don’t distinguish between potential threats

they respond the same way every time

specific defences have to be activated, and provide an adaptive defence against that particular antigen/pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are the lymphoid organs and tissues?

A

red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, tonsils, appendix and MALT tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

where is MALT tissue found?

A

the digestive, urinary, respiratory and reproductive tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what does MALT stand for?

A

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

in what ways do lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries?

A

they originate as pockets rather than forming continuous tubes

larger diameters

thinner walls

typically have a flattened or irregular outline in sectional view

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

which areas of the body lack lymphatic capillaries?

A

those without a blood supply, such as the cornea of the eye, as well as the red bone marrow and the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are the four main types of t cells?

A

cytotoxic t cells,

helper t cells,

suppressor t cells,

memory t cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what can b cells differentiate into when stimulated?

A

plasma cells, which produce and secrete antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what are the main cells involved in antibody-mediated immunity?

A

b cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is antibody-mediated immunity also known as?

A

humoral immunity (humoral meaning liquid, as antibodies are found in body fluids)

40
Q

what is the function of overlapping endothelial cells in lymphatic capillaries?

A

they act as one way valves that permit the entry of fluids, solutes, and pathogens but prevent their return to the intercellular spaces

41
Q

compare lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine with those found elsewhere

A

lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine are called lacteals and transport lipids

42
Q

which cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity?

A

t cells, particularly cytotoxic t cells

43
Q

what type of immune response are NK cells involved in?

A

non-specific immunity.

they continually monitor peripheral tissues for foreign cells, virus-infected cells and cancer cells - known as immune surveillance

44
Q

what are the tonsils and where are they located?

A

large lymphoid nodules in the walls of the pharynx

45
Q

name the five tonsils

A

pharyngeal (aka adenoid)( in the nasopharynx)

left and right palatine tonsils (at the border of the oral cavity and the pharynx)

lingual tonsils (pair at the base of the tongue)

46
Q

what are the clusters of lymphoid nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the intestine known as?

A

Peyer’s patches

47
Q

where is the thymus located?

A

in the mediastinum, generally just posterior to the sternum

48
Q

what is the largest lymphoid organ?

A

the spleen

49
Q

what is the role of the spleen in the body?

A

essentially, it performs the same functions for blood as the lymph nodes perform for lymph:

  • removing abnormal blood cells and other components via phagocytosis
  • storing iron recycled from red blood cells
  • initiating immune responses by B cells and T cells in response to antigens in circulating blood
50
Q

what are the largest lymph nodes also known as, and where are they found?

A

also known as lymph glands

found where the peripheral lymphatics from neck and limb connect with the trunk - base of neck, groin, armpits

51
Q

what do lymph nodes do?

A

function like a kitchen water filter, straining and purifying the lymph before it returns to venous circulation

they remove at least 99% of antigens in the lymph as it flows through, and stimulate an immune response as needed

52
Q

specifically, what are the body’s innate defences?

A

physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes)

phagocytes

immune surveillance (by NK cells)

interferons

the complement cascade

inflammation

fever

53
Q

how does the integumentary system protect the body?

A

provides a physical barrier that is a first line of defence in preventing pathogens and toxins from entering the body

secretions flush the surface

hair and nails protects against physical abrasions

multiple layers of the epithelium create an interlocking barrier

54
Q

what are the body’s first-line defences?

A

first-line defences are non-specific, and stop an antigen from getting into the body

they can be physical, chemical or biological

55
Q

what are the body’s second-line defences?

A

second-line defences are non-specific, and limit the spread of an antigen once it is in the tissues

  1. phagocytes and NK cells
  2. inflammation
  3. fever
  4. antimicrobial compound chemicals such as interferon and the complement system of plasma proteins
56
Q

what are the different types of phagocytes?

A

neutrophils, eiosinophils and macrophages

57
Q

what is chemotaxis?

A

phagocyte movement in response to chemical stimuli

58
Q

which cells are responsible for recognizing and destroying the body’s own abnormal cells?

A

NK cells

59
Q

how do NK cells detect cancer cells?

A

plasma membranes of cancer cells generally contain abnormal proteins called tumor-specific antigens

60
Q

what are interferons

A

small proteins that are released by activated lymphocytes, macrophages and cells infected by viruses

they trigger the production of antiviral proteins that interfere with viral replication within tissue cells

61
Q

what is a cytokine?

A

a chemical released by a cell to coordinate local activities, for example interferons.

most cytokines are used only for cell-to-cell communications within a tissue, but those released by phagocytes and lymphocytes can also act as hormones, affecting cells and tissues throughout the body

62
Q

what is the effect of histamine release?

A

histamine release by mast cells and basophils increases local inflammation, accelerating blood flow to the region

63
Q

what is the complement system?

A

special proteins in plasma which complement the actions of antibodies. they interact with each other in a cascade, similar to the blood clotting system

64
Q

what is fever?

A

a generalised response to tissue damage and infection

65
Q

what role does fever play in the body’s immune response?

A

high body temps may inhibit some viruses and bacteria

increase in body temperature leads to increase in body’s metabolic rate, so that tissue defence systems are mobilised more quickly and repair process speeds up

66
Q

what effect do pyrogens have in the body?

A

they reset the temperature thermostat in the hypothalamus, increasing the body temperature

67
Q

which cells coordinate specific (adaptive immunity)?

A

B cells, T cells

68
Q

what is the difference between cell-mediated and humoral immunity?

A

cell-mediated immunity:

t cells (generally) defend against abnormal cells and pathogens inside cells

humoral immunity:

b cells produce antibodies which defends against antigens and pathogens in bodily fluids

69
Q

modes of transmission: what is the difference between vetical direct contact and horizontal direct contact?

A

vertical - mother (or father) to child: in utero, during childbirth or postnatally, including via breastmilk horizontal is peer to peer, usually via contact with excretions/body fluids

70
Q

what is the name of an inanimate object capable of transmitting organisms?

A

a fomite

71
Q

what are the five classes of antibodies?

A

IgA:

found primarily in glandular secretions but also in blood

IgD:

membrane-bound in B cell surfaces

IgE:

active in allergies, protection from parasites

IgG:

‘memory’ antibody (80% of antibodies)

IgM:

first one made after antigen encountered

72
Q

which cells produce antibodies?

A

plasma cells

73
Q

what are antibodies also known as?

A

immunoglobulins

74
Q

where do antibodies comes from?

A

they’re secreted by b cells - specifically, by plasma cells in the blood stream

75
Q

what is the role of antibodies in the body?

A

to control and stop pathogens

to assist in the immune response

76
Q

how many classes of antibodies are there?

A

5

77
Q

which immunoglobulin is the main one found in blood, lymph, CSF and peritoneal fluid?

A

IGg

78
Q

what percentage of total serum proteins does IGg usually make up?

A

15% (a lot!)

79
Q

what is opsonisation?

A

coating of bacteria by the antibody (assist in phagocytosis)

one end of the antibody binds to receptors on the antigen; phagocytes have receptors for the other end of the antibody, so they bind to the antibody and then phagocytose the antigen

80
Q

what is agglutination?

A

forms precipitate, makes antigen more soluble and makes them more easily phagocytised

81
Q

what is the only antibody that can pass through to the placenta?

A

IGg

82
Q

what is antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

A

a process by which IGg antibodies bind to receptor on tumor cells, marking them for NK cells which will release cytotoxins to destroy it

83
Q

how do IGg cells assist the immune response?

A

opsonisation,

agglutionation and precipitation,

neutralisation,

activation of the complement sysytem

84
Q

what is neutralisation?

A

neutralisation of toxins by IGg, including tetanus, botulism, snake and scorpion venom

neutralisation of viruses - binds to epitopes, may prevent virus absoption and release

85
Q

describe IgG

A

‘memory’ antibody (80% of antibodies)

responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria and bacterial toxins

smaller, can cross the placenta

86
Q

describe IgD

A

found in B cell surfaces, bind with antigens in ECF and plays a role in sensitising B cells

IgD is membrane-bound, is a marker of maturity in b cells, and the exact action is not perfectly understood

87
Q

describe IgA

A

found primarily in glandular secretions: mucus, tears, saliva, semen; but also in blood

because it is commonly found in mucus, plays an important role in GI, respiratory and genital tracts

role is to attack pathogens before they gain access to internal tissues

88
Q

describe IgM

A

first one made after antigen encountered

IgM population declines as IgG population increases

anti-A and anti-B antibodies responsible for agglutination of incompatible blood types are IgM

89
Q

describe IgE

A

active in allergies, protection from parasites

chain end binds to active sites on mast cells and basophils, with fab area ready to bind to antigen

once bound to an antigen, mast cell releases histamine and accelerates inflammation

90
Q

live attenuated vaccines: what are they?

advantages and disadvantages?

A
  • weakened live microorganism
  • not for the immunosuppressed
  • great immunity
  • MMR, varicella, rotavirus, tuberculosis
91
Q

inactivated vaccines:

disadvantages?

A

safer than live attenuated vaccines

less immunity, may require multiple doses

92
Q

subunit vaccinces:

what are they?

what are the advantages/disadvantages?

examples?

A

subtype of attenuate (killed) vaccines

just the antigen

safe but less strong immune response

hep B, HPV

93
Q

toxoid vaccines: what are they?

advantages and disadvantages?

examples?

A

made from a toxin that has been made harmless but that elicits an immune response against the toxin

safe because they cannot cause the disease

may require several doses and often require boosters

tetanus, diptheria

94
Q

examples of live attenuated vaccines?

A

-MMR, varicella, rotavirus, tuberculosis

95
Q

examples of inactivated vaccines?

A

polio

hep A

rabies

influenza

pertussis

biology 121 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions