cells, tissues and organ systems

Question 1

what are the four mechanisms of intercellular communication?

Answer 1

direct
paracrine
endocrine
synaptic

Question 2

what are labile, stable and permanent cells?

Answer 2

labile - continually dividing ie epithelial cells

stable cells - low level of division ie. liver, kidney, glandular tissue

permanent - neurons, myocardial cells, skeletal muscle cells

Question 3

what are the four primary tissue types in the body?

Answer 3

connective tissue
epithelial tissue
muscle tissue
neural tissue

Question 4

what are the steps of carcinogenesis?

Answer 4

initiation
proliferation
progression

Question 5

name the simplest level of organisation that includes the smallest living units in the body

Answer 5

the cellular level

Question 6

define organ

Answer 6

two or more tissues working together to perform several functions.

eg layers of heart muscle tissue in combination with connective tissue form the bulk of the wall of the heart

Question 7

what are the three basic principles of cell theory?

Answer 7

cells are the structural building blocks of all plants and animals

cells are produced by the divisions of pre-existing cells

cells are the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions

Question 8

what is the study of tissues known as?

Answer 8

histology

Question 9

what are the four primary tissue types? and what are their functions?

Answer 9

epithelial tissue

connective tissue

muscle tissue

neural or nervous tissue

Question 10

describe the form and function of epithelial tissue

Answer 10

a layer of cells that forms a barrier

• covers and protects exposed surfaces
• lines internal passageways and chambers
• produces glandular secretions

Question 11

describe the form and function of connective tissue

Answer 11

very diverse in appearance

all forms of connective tissue contain cells and an extracellular matrix of protein fibres and liquid know as the ground substance

• fills internal spaces
• provides structural support
• stores energy

Question 12

describe the function of muscle tissue

Answer 12

unique because individual muscle cells can contract to produce movement

Question 13

describe the function of neural tissue

Answer 13

specialised to carry information or instructions from one place in the body to another

contains two basic types of cells: neurons, which transmit information as electrical impulses, and the supporting cells, neuroglia, which isolate and protect neurons

Question 14

what are the major functions of the integumentary system?

Answer 14

protects against environmental hazards

helps control body temperature

Question 15

what are the major functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 15

provides support

protects tissues

stores minerals

forms blood cells

Question 16

what are the major functions of the muscular system?

Answer 16

produces movement

provides support

generates heat

Question 17

what are the major functions of the nervous system?

Answer 17

directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems

Question 18

what are the major functions of the endocrine system?

Answer 18

directs long-term changes in other organ systems

Question 19

what are the major functions of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 19

transports cells and dissolved materials in the blood stream, including nutrients, wastes and gases

Question 20

what are the major functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 20

defends against infection and disease

returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream

Question 21

what are the major functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 21

delivers air to sites where gas exchange occurs between the air and circulating blood

produces sound

Question 22

what are the major functions of the digestive system?

Answer 22

processes food and absorbs nutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals and water)

Question 23

what are the major functions of the urinary system?

Answer 23

eliminates excess water, salts and wastes

controls pH

Question 24

what are the major functions of the reproductive system?

Answer 24

produces sex cells and hormones

supports embryonic development for fertilisation to birth (female)

Question 25

what is bulk flow?

Answer 25

movement of liquids/gases from high to low pressure (filtration)

Question 26

what is diffusion?

Answer 26

movement of liquids/gases from high to low concentration

Question 27

what is osmosis?

Answer 27

movement of water from a high to low water concentration

Question 28

what are carrier molecules?

Answer 28

proteins that transport ions or small inorganic molecules (eg glucose, amino acids, NTs, sodium, potassium) across the cell membrane

Question 29

what are enzymes?

describe their features

Answer 29

biological catalysts that carry out countless reactions

• reversible
• specific (lock and key)
• active site (that a substrate binds to)