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BB Test 3 > Vascularpathology > Flashcards

Vascularpathology Flashcards

1
Q

___________ is a decrease or lack of oxygen. There may or may not be a lack of blood circulation.

A

Hypoxia/anoxia

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2
Q

__________ is a lack of circulation and perfusion. Always leads to hypoxia.

A

Ischemia

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3
Q

__________ is an obstruction of blood flow, leading to death of tissue.

A

Infarction

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4
Q

The most sensitive areas of the brain to ischemic neurons (red neurons) are the _________________ and _________________.

A

Sommer’s sector of hippocampus

Purkinje cells of the cerebellum

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5
Q

(T/F) Laminar necrosis occurs at border-zone areas. These watershed areas are the first to lose perfusion in case of ischemia, and as such are the first to undergo necrosis.

A

True.

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6
Q

A(n) ___________________ occurs when occlusion of an artery is incomplete and there is recirculation of blood.

A

Hemorrhagic infarction

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7
Q

Atherosclerosis and thrombosis most often result in (hemorrhagic infarction/ischemic infarction).

A

Ischemic infarction

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8
Q

Emboli, vasospasms, extrinsic compression, and reperfusion most often result in (hemorrhagic infarction/ischemic infarction).

A

Hemorrhagic infarction

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9
Q

What is shown in the following cross section?

A

Cross section of atherosclerotic vessel.

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10
Q

What happens to neurons undergoing hypoxia or ischemia for less than 24 hours?

A

They are red neurons (ischemic neurons).

  • Eosinophilic neuronal necrosis
  • Acute neuronal necrosis
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11
Q

Tissue undergoing hypoxia or ischemia for more than 24 hours is considered _______________.

A

Infarcted. The tissue has most likely died.

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12
Q

Infiltration into dead tissue by neutrophils usually occurs in __-__ days following brain infarction.

A

2 - 7 days

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13
Q

Neutrophils that have entered infarcted tissue are gradually replaced by macrophages over the course of __-__ weeks.

A

2-3 weeks

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14
Q

_____________ remove dead tissue following a brain infarct.

A

Macrophages

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15
Q

(T/F) Gliosis following a brain infarction begins and finishes immediately following tissue death.

A

False. Gliosis occurs gradually over the course of inflammation, neutrophil invasion, and macrophage removal of dead tissue.

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16
Q

Macrophages subside and a cavity is formed, resulting in a cystic space. This process usually occurs around __-__ weeks following a brain infarct.

A

6-8 weeks

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17
Q

What is shown in the following picture?

A

Red neurons.

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18
Q

Which area in the following picture is infarcted? Which is not?

A

Left - Infarcted

Right - Not infarcted

19
Q

Epidural and subdural hemorrhages are most often caused by (trauma/vascular pathology/both).

A

Trauma

20
Q

Intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhages are most often caused by (trauma/vascular pathology/both).

A

Both

21
Q

The most common cause for an intracerebral hemorrhage is _____________.

A

Hypertension

22
Q

The most common two causes for subarachnoid hemorrhages are __________________ and ___________________.

A

Berry aneurysms and vascular malformations

23
Q

The most common two causes for cerebral hemorrhages are _________________ and ____________________.

A

Hypertension and vascular malformations

24
Q

How does a hemorrhagic infarction compare to a hemorrhage?

A

Hemorrhagic infarction

  • Infarction is primary.
  • Hemorrhage occurs in infarcted tissue.
  • No displacement of brain tissue.

Hemorrhage

  • Rupture of artery causes primary hemorrhage.
  • No antecedent infarction.
  • Blood displaces and damages brain tissue causing hematoma.
25
Q

What two vascular malformations typically cause hemorrhage?

A
  • Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
  • Cavernous hemangioma
26
Q

Abnormally thick arteries or veins with no intervening capillary channels that often cause hemorrhage are referred to as __________________.

A

Arteriovenous malformations

27
Q

Dilated veins with intercommunications between them, but no intervening brain tissue is characteristic of a(n) ______________________. These formations most often result in hemorrhage.

A

Cavernous hemangioma

28
Q

The localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel is known as a(n) ______________.

A

Aneurysm

29
Q

(Saccular/Atherosclerotic/Mycotic/Dissecting) aneurysms typically involve the entire circumference of the vessel.

A

Atherosclerotic

30
Q

(Saccular/Atherosclerotic/Mycotic/Dissecting) aneurysms result from infections and septic emboli.

A

Mycotic

31
Q

(Saccular/Atherosclerotic/Mycotic/Dissecting) aneurysms are spherical, often involving a portion of the vessel wall. They typically only occur in intracranial arteries and are the most common cause of non-traumatic bleeding in the subarachnoid space.

A

Saccular (berry)

32
Q

(Saccular/Atherosclerotic/Mycotic/Dissecting) aneurysms result from a tear in the vessel that forces blood between layers of the vessel wall.

A

Dissecting

33
Q

What type of aneurysm is shown in the photo?

A

Saccular (Berry) Aneurysm

34
Q

What are the two most common types of cerebral edema?

A
  • Vasogenic
  • Cytotoxic
35
Q

Fluid in the extracellular cerebral space caused by a disruption of the blood-brain barrier in an infarction, hemorrhage, tumor, or trauma is referred to as (cytotoxic/vasogenic) edema.

A

Vasogenic

36
Q

Fluid in the intracellular cerebral compartment caused by a cellular membrane injury due to hypoxia or a metabolic event such as ketoacidosis is referred to as (cytotoxic/vasogenic) edema.

A

Cytotoxic

37
Q

Herniation of part of the cerebrum underneath the falx cerebri (such as the frontal lobe or cingulate gyrus) is referred to as a(n) (uncinate or transtentorial/subfalcine/tonsillar/fungating) hernia.

A

Subfalcine

38
Q

A hernia involving the tonsils of the cerebellum is referred to as a(n) (uncinate or transtentorial/subfalcine/tonsillar/fungating) hernia.

A

Tonsillar

39
Q

A hernia involving the uncus is referred to as a(n) (uncinate or transtentorial/subfalcine/tonsillar/fungating) hernia.

A

Uncinate or transtentorial

40
Q

A transcalvarial hernia is referred to as a(n) (uncinate or transtenorial/subfalcine/tonsillar/fungating) hernia.

A

Fungating

41
Q

What types of herniation are shown in the following image?

A

Cingulate and uncal hernations.

42
Q

Herniation of the ___________ is problematic because it may compress the oculomotor nerve and posterior cerebral artery. This causes ipsilateral unilateral pupillary dilation and hemorrhagic infarction in the occipital lobe.

A

Uncus

43
Q

Compression of the brainstem against the tentorium opposite a herniated uncus is referred to as __________________.

A

Kernohan’s notch

Transtentorial Herniation

44
Q

Secondary hemorrhage caused by tearing of the perforating brainstem arteries following compression of the brainstem (such as Kernohan’s notch) is referred to as ______________ hemorrhage.

A

Duret’s hemorrhage

Transtentorial Herniation

BB Test 3 (26 decks)

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