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BB Test 3 > Motor I, II, and III > Flashcards

Motor I, II, and III Flashcards

1
Q

Motoneurons innervating axial and proximal muscles are located (laterally/medially) in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.

A

Medially

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2
Q

Motoneurons innervating distal muscles are located (laterally/medially) in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.

A

Laterally

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3
Q

Motoneurons innervating extensor muscles are located (ventral/dorsal) to those innervating flexor muscles.

A

Ventral

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4
Q

(T/F) Interneuron pools in the intermediate gray that innervate motoneurons are segregated in the same way as motoneurons in the ventral horn.

A

True.

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5
Q

(T/F) Descending tracts are located in the white matter adjacent to the relevant motoneuron pools they control.

A

True.

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6
Q

Proprioceptive input to a cortical column arises in the joint (proximal/distal) to the muscle that the column controls.

A

Distal

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7
Q

Cutaneous input to a cortical column arises where?

A

From a skin region in the path of limb movement that the column controls.

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8
Q

Inputs to the cortical columns travel through the ______________ and _____________ thalamic nuclei.

A

Ventroanterior and ventrolateral thalamic nuclei

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9
Q

The standard visuo-motor reflex takes about ___ms.

A

240ms

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10
Q

The standard cortical reflex takes about ___ms.

A

120ms

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11
Q

90% of the corticospinal tract arises in the ____________ and ___________ cortices.

A

Precentral and postcentral

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12
Q

Pathways controlling axial and proximal muscles for use in posture typically undergo (phasic/tonic) innervation.

A

Tonic

(TPP) = Tonic, Proximal, Posture

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13
Q

Pathways controlling distal muscles for use in discrete movements typically undergo (phasic/tonic) innervation.

A

Phasic

(PDD) = Phasic, Distal, Discrete

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14
Q

Muscle tracts that make use of tonic innervation include:

A
  • Pontine reticulospinal
  • Vestibulospinal
  • Tectospinal

Tonic = Control Postuer (Axial and proximal muscle groups)

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15
Q

Muscle tracts that makes use of phasic innervation include:

A
  • Corticospinal
  • Rubrospinal
  • Medullary reticulospinal

Phasic = Control Discrete Muscle Movement (Distal muscle groups)

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16
Q

The lateral corticospinal tract primarily terminates upon (flexor/extensor) interneurons.

A

Flexor interneurons

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17
Q

The rubrospinal tract usually (activates/inhibits) flexors and (activates/inhibits) extensors of the upper body.

A
  • Activates flexors
  • Inhibits extensors

Massive effect on force (flexor part of emergency control; i.e. grabbing onto tree when you fall)

Acts on alpha motor neurons

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18
Q

The medullary reticulospinal tract usually (activates/inhibits) flexors and extensors.

A

Inhibits flexors
Inhibits extensors

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19
Q

(T/F) Upon entering sleep, the medullary reticulospinal tract hyperpolarizes the body’s flexor and extensor interneurons. This is a defense mechanism to cause paralysis during sleep and prevent movement during vivid or imaginative dreams.

A

True.

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20
Q

The vestibulospinal tract primarily activates (flexor/extensor) alpha motor neurons and interneurons. It is important in maintaining balance and prevention of injury while falling.

A

Extensors

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21
Q

The pontine reticulospinal tract typically (activates/inhibits) extensor interneurons.

A

Activates extensors

Helps you stand up

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22
Q

The tectospinal tract activates (extensor/flexor) interneurons of the upper cervical areas to track objects on the edges of the field of vision by moving the neck.

A

Extensor

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23
Q

What path do fibers in the corticospinal tract travel after leaving the motor cortices?

A
  1. Corona radiata
  2. Internal capsule (posterior limb)
  3. Cerebral peduncle (middle third)
  4. Pons
  5. Pyramids
  6. Decussation into lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts
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24
Q

Glutamate is (excitatory/inhibitory).

A

Excitatory

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25
Q

Inputs to the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) from the cerebral cortices use the neurotransmitter _____________.

A

Glutamate

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26
Q

Inputs to the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) from the thalamus use the neurotransmitter ______________.

A

Glutamate

27
Q

Inputs to the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) from the substantia nigra use the neurotransmitter ______________.

A

Dopamine

28
Q

Inputs to the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) from the raphe nucleus use the neurotransmitter _______________.

A

Serotonin

29
Q

Outputs from the striatum travel to the _________ and _________.

A

Globus pallidus and substantia nigra

30
Q

The ___________ and __________ function to regulate output from the striatum.

A

Subthalamic nucleus and external pallidum (of globus pallidus)

31
Q

Outputs travel from the striatum to the globus pallidus and substantia nigra. Outputs leaving the internal pallidum and substantia nigra then ascend to the ______________ and descend to the ____________ simultaneously.

A
  • *Ascend** to the thalamus (VA & VL)
  • *Descend** to the midbrain (Subthalamic Nuclei)
32
Q

What are the key functions of the basal ganglia?

A
  • Preparation and planning of movement
  • Organization of sequence of movements
  • Learning of hierarchically organized movements
  • Sensory and motor modulation
33
Q

What are the key functions of the cerebellum?

A
  • Unconscious control of movement
  • Regulation of rapid (preprogrammed) movements
  • Posture, muscle tone, and equilibrium
34
Q

The archicerebellum (flocculonodular) lobe of the cerebellum is primarily involved in (distance judgments/vestibular balance and eye movements/muscle tone control).

A

Vestibular balance and eye movements

35
Q

The paleocerebellum (anterior) lobe of the cerebellum is primarily involved in (distance judgments/vestibular balance/muscle tone control).

A

Muscle tone control

36
Q

The neocerebellum (posterior) lobe of the cerebellum is primarily involved in (distance judgments/vestibular balance/muscle tone control).

A

Distance judgments

37
Q

The cerebellar cortex has a _____________ outer layer, _____________ intermediate layer, and ____________ inner layer.

A
  • Outer molecular layer
  • Intermediate Purkinje layer
  • Inner granular layer
38
Q

Mossy fibers terminate on glomeruli containing _____________ dendrites and _____________ axons.

A
  • Granule cell dendrites
  • Golgi cell axons
39
Q

After receiving excitatory inputs from mossy fibers, granule cells climb to the molecular layer and bifurcate, forming ______________ that run perpendicular to the dendrites of Purkinje cells.

A

Parallel fibers

40
Q

Parallel fibers provide excitatory input to ______________, which then travel through the cerebellar white matter and form inhibitory synapses on the cerebellar deep nuclei.

A

Purkinje cells

41
Q

Parallel fibers provide excitatory input to what other two types of cells besides Purkinje cells?

A
  • Golgi cells (inhibitory output to mossy fibers cells)
  • Basket cells (inhibitory output to Purkinje cell one row on either side of the row that was activated by parallel fibers)
42
Q

(Basket/Stellate) cells provide inhibition by terminating on Purkinje cell dendrites in the molecular layer.

A

Stellate

43
Q

(Basket/Stellate) cells provide inhibition by surrounding the Purkinje cell body.

A

Basket cells

44
Q

_____________ fibers provide excitatory input to Purkinje cells by wrapping around its cell body and proximal dendrites.

A

Climbing fibers

  • From inferior olive
45
Q

An easy way to remember excitatory and inhibitory inputs is that excitatory inputs travel (up/down) and inhibitory inputs travel (up/down).

A
  • Excitatory travels up (Mossy fibers, granule cells that become parallel fibers, climbing fibers)
  • Inhibitory travels down (Stellate cells, basket cells, golgi cells, Purkinje cells)
46
Q

___________ cells provide inhibition by terminating on granule cell dendrites within the glomerulus.

A

Golgi cells

47
Q

(T/F) Climbing fibers originate in the superior olivary nucleus.

A

False. Climbing fibers arise exclusively from neurons in the contralateral INFERIOR olivary nucleus.

48
Q

Afferent information about limb movements is conveyed to the cerebellum by the dorsal spinocerebellar tract for the (upper/lower) extremities.

A

Lower

49
Q

Afferent information about limb movements is conveyed to the cerebellum by the cuneocerebellar tract for the (upper/lower) extremities.

A

Upper

50
Q

Information about activity of spinal cord interneurons and intended pattern generator outputs is conveyed to the cerebellum by the ventral spinocerebellar tract for the (upper/lower) extremity interneurons.

A

Lower

51
Q

Information about activity of spinal cord interneurons and intended pattern generator outputs is conveyed to the cerebellum by the rostral spinocerebellar tract for the (upper/lower) extremity interneurons.

A

Upper

52
Q

Mossy fibers traveling through the dorsal spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tract enter the (ipsilateral/contralateral) cerebellum through the (inferior/middle/superior) cerebellar peduncle.

A
  • Ipsilateral cerebellum
  • Inferior cerebellar peduncle
53
Q

(T/F) Olivocerebellar fibers decussate before entering the cerebellum as climbing fibers.

A

True.

54
Q

Fibers from the most lateral portion of the cerebellum enter the ______________ deep cerebellar nucleus.

A

Dentate

55
Q

Fibers from the intermediate portion of the cerebellum enter the ____________ and ____________ deep cerebellar nuclei.

A

Emboliform and globose

56
Q

Fibers from the flocculonodular lobe and vermis, the most medial portions of the cerebellum, enter the ______________ deep cerebellar nucleus.

A

Fastigial

57
Q

Most outputs of the cerebellum travel through the (superior/middle/inferior) cerebellar peduncle.

A

Superior

58
Q

What cerebellar inputs travel through the middle cerebellar peduncle?

A
  • Pontocerebellar
59
Q

What cerebellar inputs travel through the inferior cerebellar peduncle?

A
  • Dorsal (posterior) spinocerebellar
  • Cuneocerebellar
  • Olivocerebellar
  • Vestibulocerebellar
  • Reticulocerebellar
60
Q

What cerebellar inputs travel through the superior cerebellar peduncle?

A
  • Ventral (anterior) spinocerebellar
61
Q

What is the mnemonic to remember the deep cerebellar nuclei in order from most lateral to most medial?

A

Don’t (Dentate) - Most lateral
Eat (Emboliform)
Greasy (Globose)
Food (Fastigial) - Most medial

62
Q

All movements of the body have an underlying rhythm of __Hz.

A

10Hz

63
Q

(T/F) A long latency reflex that stabilizes the body’s posture will become weaker when elicited repetitively.

A

False. A long latency reflex that stabilizes the body’s posture will become STRONGER when elicited repetitively.

64
Q

What lesion will cause an intention tremor?

A

Lateral hemisphere of cerebellum

  • Dentate nucleus is located here
  • Dysmetria

BB Test 3 (26 decks)

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